1、9Bb2573 0683567 7Yb m INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CON SU LTATIVE COM M IlTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines VOLUME IX TESTING METHODS A
2、ND M EASU RI NG APPARATUS Geneva 1989 4862591 0683570 468 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE DIRECTIVES concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway l
3、ines VOLUME IX TESTING METHODS AND M EASU RI NG APPARATUS Geneva 1989 ISBN 92-61 -04101 -9 0 I.T.U. PREFACE The rapid development of new technologies in telecommunications, electric power transmission and distrib- ution, and electric railway systems has made the earlier issue of the Directives (1960
4、 edition) out-of-date and this former issue is therefore being replaced completely. The present Directives (1988 edition) have been established by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCIIT) to give clear advice on how adverse electromagnetic effects on telecommunication
5、s lines from nearby electric power or electric railway installations may be minimized. The Directives have been based on the latest information that is available. The new Directives have been prepared in close cooperation with the following international organizations : - the International Union of
6、Railways (UIC) - the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE). Representatives from these organizations have participated in preparation of the text of the Directives. The two organizations support the underlying principles from which these texts have been derived, and
7、 the guidelines in the Directives which have been given. Such guidelines normally relate to general cases which are described. It is left to national organizations to establish more detailed regulations which apply to particular cases. The new Directives are divided into a series of separate volumes
8、, each dealing with a particular part of the complete subject. Each volume can be used independently. Modern calculation methods which are suitable for compu- ter techniques have been incorporated. Numerical values are used to define desirable limits which should be followed when the recommended tec
9、hnical measures are taken. In general, it should not be necessary to exceed these limits, although some special cases may arise where it is either uneconomical or impractical to do so (e.g. in narrow valleys). In such cases, mutual agree- ment based on the principles set out in the Directives should
10、 be reached. Guidance on administration, economic and particularly legislation matters have been omitted deliberately since they are considered to be outside the technical scope of the advice given in the new Directives. In consequence, the rules of procedure which should be followed by telecommunic
11、ations operators, and electric power and electric rail- way authorities have not been covered. Nevertheless, the three international organizations which have worked together to produce the new Direc- tives, CCIT, UIC and CIGRE, recommend that : “Telecommunications, electric power and electric railwa
12、y authorities should work together closely and fol- low the new Directives when seeking solutions to mutual problems. The solutions chosen should be those most accept- able and economical overall, and should not confer undue advantages to any participant. We, the undersigned, representing the three
13、organizations, CCIT, UIC and CIGRE, support the work done jointly on behalf of our organizations in producing these Directives. We recommend these Directives to members of CCIIT, UIC and CIGRE who seek solutions to mutual disturbance problems.” Th. IRMER Director of the CCIT J. BOULEY Secretary-Gene
14、ral of UIC G. LEROY Secreta ry-General of CIGRE n 6 - - LtBb2591 Ob3181573 177 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION . 1.1 1.2 Aim and scope of the Directives Structure of the Directives . 1.2.1 Content of individual volumes . 1.2.2 Use of the Directives 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 When stud
15、ying coupling processes in general . When establishing standards or similar regulations . When dealing with danger and disturbance problems in practice . Introduction to Volume IX 1.3 CHAFE% 2 - MEASURING APPARATUS Pulse generators for load testing (voltage, current or energy) 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3
16、2.1.4 Fundamental aspects Generators for insulation testing . 2.1.2.1 Generator having the voltage shape 12/50 p for simulating overvoltages 2.1.2.2 Generator having the voltage shape 10/100 ps for simulating lightning 2.1.2.3 Generator having a constant voltage slope for testing gas-discharge tube
17、and spark gaps according to Recommendation K.12 Generators for testing the current loading capacity with defined current shapes at low- impedance load 2.1.3.1 Generators for testing the current loading capacity of gas discharge tub es . 2.1.3.2 Generators for testing semiconductor limiting devices s
18、uch as varistors and Zener diodes . Generators for testing the energy loading capacity of test items with different load resistances 2.1.4.1 Testing the loading capacity of communications equipment with a 2.1.4.2 Generator for simulating lightning surges in indoor lines 2.1.4.3 Generator for simulat
19、ing overvoltages in the low-voltage supply system . 2.1.4.4 Generator for simulating destructive switching surges for testing relays due to lightning . surges of lengthy duration . generator according to Recommendation K . 17 . 2.2 Generators for testing interference rejection 2.2.1 Fundamental aspe
20、cts 2.2.2 Generator for simulating disturbance caused by the disconnection of electrical equipment (“burst“ generator) 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 7 7 7 8 14 15 15 17 21 22 22 24 26 28 29 31 31 37 Volume M . Table of Contents V Previous page is blank . 48b2591 Ob81574 003 2.2.3 Generator for simulating static
21、 discharges 2.2.4 Test generator developed for testing electronic relays (protection circuit) in high- voltage installations according to IEC Publication 255-4 2.2.5 Test generators for special cases . Noise measurements and noise meters . 2.3.1 Introduction . 2.3.2 Weighted noise measurements . 2.3
22、.2.1 Definitions and general remarks 2.3.2.2 Broadband noise meters 2.3.2.3 Measurements with selective voltmeters . 2.3.3 Impulsive noise measurements . 2.3.4 Quantizing distortion noise measurements 2.3.4.1 General aspects . 2.3.4.2 Measurement procedures . Measurement of bit error ratio . 2.4.1 M
23、easuring principles 2.4.2 Measuring practice . Instruments for field strength measurement . 2.5.1 Electromagnetic radio frequency fields 2.5.1.1 Frequency range 2.5.1.2 Propagation . 2.5.1.3 Relationship between E and H Measurement of interfering fields . 2.5.2.1 Use of interference field strength m
24、easurements for EMC . Measurement of magnetic field strength H . 2.5.3.1 Open-circuit voltage of the untuned loop antenna . 2.5.3.2 Short-circuit cmnt of loop antenna . 2.5.3.3 Tuned loop antenna . 2.5.3.4 Calibration of the tuned antenna . 2.5.3.5 Protection against electric fields Measurement of t
25、he electric field strength E 2.5.4.1 Aperiodic rod antenna . 2.5.4.2 Tuned rod antennas . 2.5.5 Dipole antennas 2.5.5.1 I44 rod 2.5.5.2 U2 dipole 2.5.5.3 Wideband dipoles . 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 Annex A Page 42 44 45 45 45 46 46 48 51 52 54 54 56 75 75 75 76 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 82 83
26、85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 89 VI Volume M . Table of Contents Page CHAPTER 3 . MEASURING METHODS . 3.1 Test for semiconductive protection elements . 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 General remarks . Semiconductor diodes 3.1.2.1 Measuring the dc limiting voltage in forward and reverse direction 3.1.2.2 Measuring the
27、peak value of the impulse limiting voltage . 3.1.2.3 Determining the current carrying capability 3.1.2.4 Measuring the leakage current 3.1.2.5 Measuring the self-capacitance . 3.1.2.6 Measuring the hold-over current (only for multilayer diodes with break- down behaviour) . Metal-oxide varistors . 3.
28、1.3.1 Measuring the dc limiting voltage . 3.1.3.2 Measuring the peak value of the impulse limiting voltage . 3.1.3.3 Life test 3.1.3.4 Measuring the leakage current 3.1.3.5 Measuring the self-capacitance . 3.2 Test with sinusoidal frequencies 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 Measurement of screening fa
29、ctor of cable sheaths at low frequencies . 3.2.1.1 Introduction 3.2.1.2 Principal test equipment for measuring screening factors of cable samples . 3.2.1.3 Permeability measurements for iron tapes used for cable armouring . 3.2.1.4 Estimation of inherent environmental screening factors based on suit
30、able measurements . Measurement of unbalance parameters . 3.2.2.1 General remarks 3.2.2.2 Types of unbalance . 3.2.2.3 Definition of unbalance parameters . 3.2.2.4 Measurement of transfer impedance . 3.2.3.1 Introduction and definition 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.3 Measurement of shielding factors . 3.2.4.1 Intro
31、duction and definitions 3.2.4.2 Principles of shielding . 3.2.4.3 Basic calculation methods for shielding losses 3.2.4.4 Measurements of shielding losses Measurement of soil resistivity and earth electrode resistance 3.2.5.1 General . 3.2.5.2 Measuring methods . Methods for measurement of unbalance
32、parameters Usefulness of transfer impedances Methods to determine transfer impedances Bibliography (to 8 3.2.5) Volume Ix . Table of Contents 97 97 97 98 98 99 100 101 101 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 106 109 112 113 129 129 130 132 134 158 158 162 163 189 189 190 195 197 211 211 212 220 M 48
33、62591 Obl3157b 98b Page 221 221 222 223 224 229 229 229 230 230 230 238 240 24 1 24 1 24 1 242 243 243 243 247 247 253 253 253 254 3.3 Measurement of the sensitivity of electronic units against inducing sources of the environment 3.3.1 General remarks. 3.3.2 Inducing sources 3.3.3 Testing procedures
34、 . 3.3.3.1 Coupling units . 3.4 Special measuring methods . Partial discharge measurements for telecommunication equipment Characteristics of partial discharges Effects of partial discharges Causes of partiai discharges in telecommunications equipment . Measuring partial discharges in an environment
35、 with heavy interference Notes on testing and evaluation of measured results Recording or counting of overvoltages . 3.4.2.2 Causes of overvoltages 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 3.4.1.3 3.4.1.4 Measuring partial discharges . 3.4.1.5 3.4.1.6 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 Introductory remarks . 3.4.2.3 Parameters of the over
36、voltages to be measured . 3.4.2.4 The frequency spectrum of pulses . 3.4.2.5 Statistical evaluation of pulse voltage parameters . 3.4.2.6 Test procedures . 3.4.2.7 Methods of connecting monitored lines to measuring equipment 3.4.2.8 Precautionary measures to prevent incorrect measurements Simulation
37、 of overvoltages in telecommunication buildings caused by lightning 3.4.3 3.4.3.1 Introduction 3.4.3.2 Test setup for feeding in the simulation current . 3.4.3.3 Test methods . MI Volume M - Table of Contents Li862591 Ob81577 812 CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and scope! of the Directives The present
38、 Directives supersede the 1963 edition approved by the 2nd Plenary Assembly of CCiTT in New Delhi 1960. The 1963 Directives were amended in 1965, 1974, 1978 and 1982. They provided a comprehensive description of electromagnetic effects due to the close proximity of telecommunication lines to power a
39、nd electrified railway systems, containing regularly updated findings in this field and reflecting the current state of the art. Analyses have shown, however, that in spite of these advantages, the 1963 Directives are not used as widely as expected. The main reasons for this are believed to be that
40、the 1%3 Directives form a very bulky book which is hard to handle and in which theoretical considerations tend to prevail over practical advice. Calculation methods and the related models were developed before modern computer technology was available. Since the 1963 Directives reflected the principa
41、i arrangements which appeared in the original first issue in 1925, many cross-references became necessary as new clauses were added. In consequence, the VIIth Plenary Assembly of CCIT in Geneva 1980 decided to revise the 1963 Directives completely and entrusted Study Group V with the task of produci
42、ng new Directives for publication in 1988. The new Directives are intended to meet a number of requirements, particularly those sought by engineers in the field. Nevertheless, the valuable background advice contained in the 1963 Directives is retained and even ex- panded wherever relevant. As a resu
43、lt, the new Directives should be useful: - to practising engineers who seek guidelines on how to deal with danger and disturbance problems; - to scientists and researchers who need a reference book with the most recent findings; - to students who require a textbook with which to become acquainted wi
44、th electromagnetic coupling phenomena; - to Administrations which need to have a basis to form national regulations and standards. The new Directives have been prepared as a result of close collaboration between many members of CCIIT, CiGRE and the iC. They therefore describe technical methods for s
45、olving mutual problems which are recognized by these international organizations and which should facilitate coordination between member organizations in user coun- tries. The principal object of the new Directives is to describe ways in which adverse effects from power transmission and distribution
46、 lines or from electrified railway lines onto telecommunication lines can be reduced or avoided. Such effects may result in danger to personnel, damage to telecommunication equipment, deterioration of telecommunication transmission quality or to disturbance of signalling. Although the advice given i
47、n the new Directives has been described for public telecommunication networks, the basic principles have a more general application, and owners of other networks should decide whether they can be adapted to their own needs. Volume M - Chap. 1 1 = 48b2591 Ob81578 359 1.2 Structure of the Directives 1
48、.2.1 Content of individual volumes matter. The series is made up as follows: The new Directives are divided into 9 volumes, each dealing with a separate part of the overall subject Volume I Volume II Volume III Volume IV Volume V Volume VI Volume VII Volume VIiI Volume IX ? Design, construction and
49、operational principles of telecommunication, power and electrified railway facilities? describes these systems and shows why conditions for their mutual coexistence must be established. ? Calculating induced voltages and currents in practical cases? describes the methods for evaluating voltages and currents resulting from capacitive, inductive and conductive coupling in a variety of common1 y-encountered situations. ? Capacitive, inductive and conductive coupling: physical theory and calculation methods? gives an account of the physical laws governing the relevant phenomena tog
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