1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1010 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (02/2014) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-hel
2、d information and communication technology devices Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-held information and communication technology devices Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 defines a minimu
3、m set of parameters necessary to identify green battery solutions that should be considered by developers/manufacturers to reduce the future environmental impact of battery use. The provision of so-called green batteries is to extend the lifetime of handsets, reduce global resources consumption and
4、preserve the environment. The compliance in terms of supporting green information and communication technology (ICT) efforts will be considered including the use of scarce resources, recycling and reuse. The existing environmental schemes available in different regions and international standards wi
5、ll be considered. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1010 2014-02-13 5 11.1002/1000/12133 Keywords Ecodesign label, energy density, green batteries, lifetime, recycling. _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field
6、of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information an
7、d communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide ba
8、sis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Reso
9、lution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration
10、 and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions ar
11、e met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the pos
12、sibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the
13、 Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest infor
14、mation and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) iii Table of Cont
15、ents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 General requirements 2 6 Ecodesign guidelines 2 6.1 Eco-label . 2 6.2 Environmental compliance . 3 7 Safety 3 8 Lifetime requirement (reliability) . 3 Appendix I National/regional regulations on substance use and
16、 battery rules . 4 Appendix II Proposed charge/discharge cycle conditions for lithium-ion battery chemistry . 5 Appendix III Counterfeit batteries 6 Appendix IV Recycling criteria suggestions 7 IV.1 General requirements 7 Appendix V National standards on green batteries . 8 Bibliography. 9 iv Rec. I
17、TU-T L.1010 (02/2014) Introduction This Recommendation defines the requirements for utilizing existing standards that help to reduce the amount of e-waste material introduced into the environment over the service lifetime (including calendar life, number of cycles, thermal environment, etc.) of a ba
18、ttery relative to the service life of the portable electronic devices in which they are designed for use. In some countries, there is a demand to extend lifetime of handsets using replaceable green batteries to reduce global resources consumptions and preserve environment. Many companies are globall
19、y specialized in collection and reuse of mobile phones and other ICT products. These companies typically source new batteries from the manufacturer or other suppliers in order to meet consumer demand for such products. This model of refurbishment and re-use should contribute to reduce global resourc
20、es consumptions and preserve environment. When considering e-waste resulting from batteries, the battery itself as well as the entire life cycle from manufacturing and materials to usage and disposal should be considered. One of the most sensitive parameters of this life cycle is the number of charg
21、e/discharge cycles, mainly how many times a battery can be charged and discharged for a given amount of capacity. The number of charge/discharge cycle is important because lower quality batteries tend to generate a significantly greater quantity of e-waste in the environment. This is because lower q
22、uality batteries tend to have lower numbers of charge/discharge cycles available, and therefore must be replaced more frequently. This Recommendation includes environmental considerations in the upstream supply chain, reliability and ecological design (“ecodesign“) guidelines to help ensure longer l
23、asting batteries with a reduced environmental impact over the entire life cycle, without compromising product safety. Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-held information and communication technology devices 1 Scope This
24、Recommendation describes the general requirements for green battery solutions for mobile phones, and other terminals able to connect to a mobile network and other hand-held information and communication technology (ICT) devices. This Recommendation applies to all battery chemistries utilised within
25、the product described. This Recommendation aims at identifying green battery solutions. Some of the aspects considered include: environmental compliance, safety and reliability, lifetime, and ecodesign. Physical characteristics definitions are outside the scope of this Recommendation. 2 References T
26、he following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of th
27、is Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation d
28、oes not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1410 Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2012), Methodology for the assessment of the environmental impact of information and communication technology goods, networks and services. IEC60950-1 IEC60950-1 Ed.2.2 (2013), Infor
29、mation technology equipment Safety Part 1: General requirements. IEC 61960 IEC 61960 Ed.2.0 (2011), Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications. 3 Definitions This Recommendation defines the followi
30、ng terms: 3.1 battery: This is a common term to designate a two or more terminal devices consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. 3.2 battery cell: It consists of an anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte. 3.3 battery pack: It con
31、sists of one or more battery cells and interconnections which provide connectivity between cells. In secondary batteries, battery packs can include semiconductor components such as temperature sensors and Zener diodes. 3.4 counterfeit battery: A battery that is not easily distinguishable from a genu
32、ine battery. It is usually purchased in an after-market, and it is possible that it is not equipped with protective devices necessary for the respect of the safety standard applicable to the battery. 3.5 green battery: A battery that has improved environmental performance compared to the previous ge
33、neration of battery. 3.6 lithium-ion batteries: A battery containing lithium-ion polymer or other lithium-ion chemistry. 3.7 secondary battery: A rechargeable battery. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: DoD De
34、pth of Discharge ICT Information and Communication Technology Pb Lead PBB Poly Brominated Biphenyls PBDE Poly Brominated DiphenylEthers PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient resistor REACH Registration, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances RoHS Restrictions of Hazardous Substances 5 G
35、eneral requirements Each generation of battery (e.g., in mobile phones and other small consumer products) has typically less environmental impact than the previous generation due to changes in the material compositions, different chemical composition, increased capacity, smaller design footprint, et
36、c. It is not possible to specify that a single design of battery is green. The term can only be used in relative terms compared to the previous generation of battery design, and not in an absolute sense. Parameters to be considered shall include: Increased capacity, hence longer time between charges
37、 (for a given use pattern). Reduced, or eliminated hazardous material content. Incorporation of ecodesign principles. The lifetime of battery as number of charge/discharge cycles. Such environmental enhancements must not compromise environmental compliance, product safety or reliability. Administrat
38、ions need to control the end of life of batteries in order not to pollute the environment 6 Ecodesign guidelines Ecodesign is a broad area. In general, ecodesign takes into account the design of products to minimize the environmental impact in the total life cycle, from raw material, manufacturing,
39、distribution, use in the end product to disposal and recycling. International directives or standards exist that address some aspects that could be considered for ecodesign. For example, many countries already have legislation and/or policy in place to manage battery recycling at end of life. Such s
40、chemes include: European battery directive b-EU 2006/66/EC North America: Rechargeable battery recycling corporation (RBRC) recycle scheme Japan: Portable rechargeable battery recycling centre (JBRC) and mobile recycle network (MRN) A detailed analysis of the environmental impact of a battery should
41、 be conducted in line with ITU-T L.1410. 6.1 Eco-label There are existing requirements for battery marking in order to reduce their environmental impact, including material content and recycling symbols. Thus, there is no need for additional marking on the batteries. Eco-labels, as well as other reg
42、ulatory certification marks, can often be easily copied by producers of counterfeit and substandard batteries; therefore, such labels do not prevent such batteries from being produced or placed on the market. Rec. ITU-T L.1010 (02/2014) 3 6.2 Environmental compliance A green battery has undergone si
43、gnificant changes to minimize environmentally hazardous materials to below defined thresholds. Hazardous materials include but are not limited to lead (Pb), which has been a key material in microelectronic components and telecommunication equipment over many years. A green battery has a list of bann
44、ed and/or restricted materials with material content and disclosure thresholds based upon the weight percentage of similar homogeneous material in the component. The present requirements of restricted substances established by national regulations must be met by the green battery pack electronics (e
45、xcluding battery chemistry). Green battery solutions shall: not contain toxic materials, not pollute the environment during the production process, not exceed 0.1% as maximum concentration values tolerated by weight in homogeneous materials of the following materials: lead, mercury, hexavalent chrom
46、ium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDE), and the maximum concentration values of cadmium tolerated by weight in homogeneous materials shall not exceed 0.01%. A list of some existing regulations is shown in Appendix I. 7 Safety Considering the large amount of lith
47、ium-ion batteries already in the field, while there have been a small number of incidents reported, their seriousness highlights some safety concerns. As the energy density continues to increase, more attention should be placed on product safety. In addition to ensuring safe operation, batteries nee
48、d to be reliable, which means they have to be able to perform routinely under stated design conditions for an extended period of time. Green battery solutions shall have protective measures; the design of the battery shall prevent electric shock hazards, heat related hazards, mechanical hazards and
49、the impact on the environment. Using green batteries in mobile phones and other hand-held ICT equipment should meet the requirements of the international safety standard IEC 60950-1; when necessary, the battery shall be randomly tested with the ICT terminal to check for safety conformance. The safety system of the green battery shall not only consider the safety of the battery in isolation (single element) but also the safety of the complete battery system and related cell phones. The green battery
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