ITU-T L 1021-2018 Extended producer responsibility C Guidelines for sustainable e-waste management (Study Group 5).pdf

1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1021 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (04/2018) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE

2、PLANT Extended producer responsibility Guidelines for sustainable e-waste management Recommendation ITU-T L.1021 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OP

3、TICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATI

4、ON Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of IT

5、U-T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1021 Extended producer responsibility Guidelines for sustainable e-waste management Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1021 offers a description of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in dealing with e-waste. It expa

6、nds on the different existing forms of EPR globally, not only in theoretical terms, but also with a practical view on their feasibility, challenges and prerequisites. It presents the definition of the EPR system, in addition to the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders and the dif

7、ferent types of EPR, as well as how and why they could be used in certain contexts and not in others. The funding mechanism behind every mode and the organizational structure expected to be in place are also presented. Recommendation ITU-T L.1021 concludes with many best practices from the internati

8、onal arena, including developed, developing and emerging economies, as well as the challenges faced in some cases. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1021 2018-04-06 5 11.1002/1000/13458 Keywords Collection, dismantling, EPR, electronic equipment, end-of-life,

9、 end-of-life management, extended producer, e-waste, e-waste management, informal sector, legislation, polices, producer, recycling, refurbishment, repair, responsibility, reuse, second-hand EEE, secondary raw materials, take back waste, used EEE, waste sorting, WEEE. * To access the Recommendation,

10、 type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized

11、agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a v

12、iew to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommend

13、ations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for concis

14、eness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendat

15、ion is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. I

16、NTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights,

17、 whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers a

18、re cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permiss

19、ion of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 3 6 Objectives and benefits of the extended producer responsibility

20、system . 3 6.1 Support and incentivize improvements in product design and production systems . 3 6.2 Benefits of extended producer responsibility systems . 3 7 Challenges facing the adoption and implementation of extended producer responsibility systems . 4 8 Extended producer responsibility impleme

21、ntation models in terms of responsibility and compulsiveness . 4 8.1 Voluntary versus legislation or compulsory . 4 8.2 Individual producer responsibility versus collective producer responsibility 5 8.3 Voluntary or mandated product take back systems 5 9 Allocation of responsibilities and stakeholde

22、rs 6 9.1 Responsibility of producers 6 9.2 The government 6 9.3 Retailers and vendors . 7 9.4 Consumers 7 10 Prerequisites for extended producer responsibility development: Available options 7 10.1 The financial burden . 7 10.2 Scope of items subject to extended producer responsibility 7 10.3 Scope

23、of duties . 8 10.4 Complying recycling duties 8 10.5 Subsidies . 8 10.6 Administration of an extended producer responsibility system . 8 10.7 Organizational aspects 8 11 Supplementary measures required to implement extended producer responsibility models . 9 11.1 Review of existing laws and new legi

24、slation . 9 11.2 Survey on the status of e-waste generation and management 9 11.3 Establishing an efficient collection system 9 11.4 Free riders and illegal dumping 9 iv Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) Page 11.5 Research and development for up-cycling . 9 11.6 Protection of data privacy . 10 Annex A Ter

25、ms of reference for a take back committee 11 A.1 Structure . 11 A.2 Action . 11 A.3 Stakeholders . 11 A.4 Process and indicative timeline 12 A.5 Working group on e-waste policy and legislation 13 A.6 Working group on e-waste financing . 13 A.7 Working group on standards, monitoring and capacity buil

26、ding . 14 Appendix I Extended producer responsibility in Europe 15 Appendix II Extended producer responsibility in France . 16 II.1 General background information on French regulation b-Orange-France, 2017 . 16 Appendix III Extended producer responsibility in South Korea: Eco-assurance system . 24 I

27、II.1 Background and development b-KSP 24 III.2 Items under the Eco-assurance System 24 III.3 Scope of producers under obligation 24 III.4 Duties of producers . 24 III.5 Precautionary duties . 24 III.6 Recycling duties . 25 Appendix IV Extended producer responsibility in Japan: Home Appliance Recycli

28、ng Act . 26 IV.1 Background to the Home Appliance Recycling Act 2001 . 26 IV.2 Objectives of the Act 26 IV.3 Targeted products . 27 IV.4 Responsibilities under the Act 27 IV.5 Cost-bearing mechanism 28 IV.6 Targets set under the Home Appliance Recycling Act 29 IV.7 Penalties 29 IV.8 Transparency of

29、the selection of the collectors 30 IV.9 Other related policies 30 Appendix V Information on international convention (This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.) 31 Bibliography. 32 Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) v Introduction Environmental issues, including waste problems, a

30、re too big and significant to be addressed solely by governments. All members of society should share the responsibility. For this reason, many countries have established extended producer responsibility (EPR) to formulate environmental policies. In many developing countries, there is a paradigm shi

31、ft concerning waste policies where the goal of waste policies is changing from expanding services to reducing demand for services. Globally, for major countries the goal of waste policies centres on waste minimization, i.e., focuses on reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery (4R) services. All thes

32、e 4R activities must be efficiently conducted by all members of society, including consumers, producers, and governments. There is no doubt that the concept of EPR has been gaining ground as a policy option for sustainable e-waste management. EPR is also sometimes referred to as “take back“, since p

33、roducers are held responsible for the recovery and final disposal of their products after they have been discarded by end users, although producers do not always have a direct connection with them. The EPR mechanism allows the sharing of responsibilities in dealing with waste problems. Under the EPR

34、 system, producers share the roles for promoting recycling with consumers and governments. EPR also includes producers subsidizing the recycling business. In general, the recycling business does not enjoy commercial profits for a variety of reasons. For example, in some cases, the products of recycl

35、ing businesses, mostly recycled materials, are sometimes disadvantaged against virgin materials in quality as well as price. Without appropriate compensation, private businesses do not engage in the recycling business. EPR should provide subsidies and assistance to private recycling businesses to en

36、able them to enjoy profits b-SRI-EPR. According to the Sustainable Recycling Industries (SRI) programme, SRI producers are assigned recycling duties for their waste with the assumption that consumers wish to return used items to them after consumption. Producers, in complying with their recycling du

37、ties, provide recyclers with subsidies by entrusting them with their recycling duties. Producers also assist recyclers in various ways in their efforts to reduce their financing burdens. They can assist recyclers by collecting e-waste using their delivery trucks, changing the materials and structure

38、s of their goods for easier dismantling and extraction of materials or buying recycled raw materials. The primary reason for producers to share responsibility is the fact that producers are in the best position to promote or improve recycling activities with various means to help recyclers. For equi

39、pment where producers have no direct contact with end users, governments or municipalities should assume their role in promoting and facilitating collection b-SRI-EPR. The OECD defines EPR as: “an environmental policy approach in which a producers responsibility for a product is extended to the post

40、-consumer stage of a products life cycle. There are two related features of EPR policy: (1) the shifting of responsibility (physically and/or economically; fully or partially) upstream toward the producer and away from municipalities, and (2) to provide incentives to producers to incorporate environ

41、mental considerations in the design of their products.“ p. 9 of b-OECD In general, EPR is a policy concept that calls for shifting all or part of the responsibility and costs of recycling or disposal of products at their end of life (EoL) term (after usage by consumer) to the producers who have desi

42、gned and manufactured or sold the product to the consumer in the first place. EPR was first introduced as a voluntary tool by producers, but with its widespread adoption in Europe and Asia, it has been given the force of law in countries like Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Swede

43、n, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, the UK and Canada b-SRI-EPR. Rec. ITU-T L.1021 (04/2018) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1021 Extended producer responsibility Guidelines for sustainable e-waste management 1 Scope This Recommendation establishes guidelines and presents recommendations for the development of extend

44、ed producer responsibility (EPR) polices for sustainable e-waste management. This Recommendation suggests some supplementary measures and points that support the adoption of EPR polices. It also presents different models of EPR polices adopted by Europe and other developed countries that could be us

45、ed as a basis for developing countries to build upon. 2 References None. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the following terms: 3.2.1 circular economy: An economy that is restorative and regenerative by design, which

46、aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times. NOTE Definition based on that appearing in the Google case study accessible from b-EMcF. The circular economy is a concept that distinguishes between technical and biological cycles, and is a continuous,

47、 positive development cycle. It preserves and enhances natural capital, optimizes resource yields, and minimizes system risks by managing finite stocks and renewable flows. A circular economy works effectively at every scale. 3.2.2 extended producer responsibility (EPR): A policy principle to promot

48、e total life cycle environmental improvements of product systems by extending the responsibility of the manufacturers of the product to various parts of the entire life cycle of the product, and especially to the take-back, recycling and final disposal of the product. NOTE Definition based on that a

49、ppearing in b-SRI-EPR. 3.2.3 e-waste: Electrical or electronic equipment that is waste, including all components, sub-assemblies and consumables that are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. NOTE This definition is based on that given for “waste electrical and electronic equipment“ in b-UNEP, 2011b. 3.2.4 recycling: The recovery of materials, such as paper, glass, plastic, metals, construction and demolition (C responsible usage of electronics; the reuse and refurbishm