1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1410 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (12/2014) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of info
2、rmation and communication technology goods, networks and services Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services Summary Recommendation
3、 ITU-T L.1410 deals with environmental life cycle assessments (LCAs) of information and communication technology (ICT) goods, networks and services. It is organized in two parts: Part I: ICT life cycle assessment: framework and guidance Part II: “Comparative analysis between ICT and reference produc
4、t system (Baseline scenario); framework and guidance“. Part I deals with the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology applied to ICT goods, networks and services. Part II deals with comparative analysis based on LCA results of an ICT goods, networks and services product system, and a reference produc
5、t system. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1410 2012-03-08 5 11.1002/1000/11430 2.0 ITU-T L.1410 2014-12-07 5 11.1002/1000/12207 Keywords Comparative analysis, energy consumption, environment, goods, greenhouse gas emissions, information and communication te
6、chnologies (ICTs), life cycle assessment (LCA), networks, services. _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1410
7、(12/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsibl
8、e for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T
9、study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative ba
10、sis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandator
11、y provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The u
12、se of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no
13、 position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property,
14、protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No p
15、art of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 2 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 3 4 Abbreviati
16、ons and acronyms 7 Part I ICT life cycle assessment - framework and guidance . 11 5 General description . 11 5.1 General description of an LCA . 11 5.2 Compliance to this Recommendation . 13 5.3 Comparisons of results . 13 5.4 Relationship between methodologies of LCAs for ICT goods, networks and se
17、rvices 13 6 Methodological framework 14 6.1 General requirements 14 6.2 Goal and scope definition . 18 6.3 Life cycle inventory (LCI) 37 7 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) . 45 7.1 Impact categories 45 8 Life cycle interpretation 48 8.1 General . 48 8.2 Uncertainty analysis . 48 8.3 Sensitivity a
18、nalysis . 48 9 Reporting 49 9.1 General . 49 9.2 ICT goods . 50 9.3 ICT network 54 9.4 ICT services 56 10 Critical review 60 Part II Comparative analysis/LCA between ICT and reference product system (baseline scenario): framework and guidance 61 11 General description of comparative analysis 61 11.1
19、 Need for comparative analysis . 61 11.2 Target systems for comparative analysis 62 11.3 Principles of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis) . 62 11.4 Procedures of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis) . 63 12 Methodological framework of comparative analysis . 64 iv Rec. I
20、TU-T L.1410 (12/2014) Page 12.1 General requirements 64 12.2 Goal and scope definition . 64 12.3 Life cycle inventory 65 12.4 Life cycle impact assessment . 65 12.5 Life cycle interpretation . 65 13 Reporting 67 14 Critical review 68 Annex A Details regarding the handling of software . 69 Annex B Mo
21、delling of unit processes . 71 Annex C Support activities . 73 Annex D Generic processes 74 Annex E Part types of ICT goods . 76 Annex F EoLT processes 80 Annex G Elementary flows (emissions and resources) 81 Annex H List of raw materials 86 Annex J ICT network overview 88 Annex K A method for asses
22、sing the environmental load of the working environment 90 K.1 Purpose of targeting the working environment in the assessment of ICT goods, networks and services . 90 K.2 Functional unit 90 K.3 System boundary 90 K.4 Life cycle inventory (LCI) 91 Annex L Reporting formats 92 Appendix I Example of an
23、LCA of a mobile phone fully compliant with this Recommendation 103 I.1 Goal definition 103 I.2 Scope definition 103 I.3 System boundaries 104 I.4 Data collection 106 I.5 Data calculation 107 I.6 Allocation of data . 110 I.7 Data quality 110 I.7 LCIA . 113 I.8 Life cycle interpretation . 113 I.9 Repo
24、rting 115 Appendix II Life cycle stages overview . 148 Appendix III Examples of goods and black box modules 149 III.1 End-user goods . 149 Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) v Page III.2 CPE . 149 III.3 Network site goods (from base station sites to data centres) 149 III.4 Examples of ICT-specific black bo
25、x modules 150 III.5 Site support goods 150 Appendix IV Examples of networks and network goods . 151 Appendix V Energy mix . 153 Appendix VI Examples of allocation procedures . 154 VI.1 Allocation examples for recycling of materials 154 VI.2 Example of the 50/50 method and combination of 100/0 and 50
26、/50 . 154 Appendix VII Example of data quality indicators 158 Appendix VIII Uncertainties of life cycle assessments for ICT goods, networks and services . 159 Appendix IX Opportunities and limitations in the use of LCAs for ICT goods, networks and services . 161 Appendix X Examples for calculating s
27、econd order effects . 163 X.1 Consumption of goods (paper, CDs, DVDs, etc.) 163 X.2 Power consumption/energy consumption (electricity, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil, town gas, etc.) . 163 X.3 Movement of people (car, bus, railroad, aircraft, etc.) . 163 X.4 Movement and storage of goods (
28、mail, truck, railroad cargo, air cargo, cargo ship, etc.) . 164 X.5 Improved work efficiency (electricity, office area, etc.) 164 X.6 Waste (wastepaper, garbage, plastic, industrial waste, etc.) 164 Appendix XI GWP values 100 year time frame . 166 Appendix XII Summary of requirements 167 Bibliograph
29、y. 187 vi Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) Introduction This Recommendation has been developed to complement ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 for the environmental assessment of the life cycle impact of ICT goods, networks and services. This document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It
30、 was published respectively by ITU as Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 and ETSI Standard ES 203 199, which are equivalent in technical content. This document defines a set of requirements to reflect the quality that practitioners should strive for. At this stage some of the requirements put forward here
31、are considered as challenging due to LCA tool limitations, lack of data, limitations in data granularity, etc. It is thus recognized that compliance to all requirements in this Recommendation may not be possible at the time of publication. However, to foster results of LCAs becoming more transparent
32、 and, for the quality of data and life cycle assessment (LCA) tools to improve over time, this Recommendation defines certain requirements which are outlined in the following pages. The Recommendation requires that deviation(s) from the requirements are clearly motivated and reported. For further de
33、tails regarding compliance refer to clause 5.2. The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to concerns regarding their environmental impact. Taking into consideration the ongoing efforts within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change b-UNFCCC to co
34、mbat climate change, ITU-T and ETSI decided to enhance their previous work by jointly developing an internationally agreed methodology to help the ICT sector to assess the environmental impact of ICT goods, networks and services. This Recommendation also gives guidance to the assessment of software.
35、 Unlike many products and services sold in the world today, ICT distinguishes itself by its double-edged nature. On the one hand, ICTs have an environmental impact at each stage of its life cycle, e.g., from energy and natural resource consumption to e-waste. On the other hand, ICTs can enable vast
36、efficiencies in lifestyle and in all sectors of the economy through the provision of digital solutions that can improve energy efficiency, inventory management, and business efficiency by reducing travel and transportation, e.g., teleworking and videoconferencing and by substituting physical product
37、s for digital information, e.g., e-commerce. Different levels of impact are acknowledged in some academic literature as the three order effects of ICTs: First order effects (or the environmental load of ICTs): the impacts created by the physical existence of ICTs and the processes involved, e.g., en
38、ergy consumption and GHG emissions, e-waste, use of hazardous substances and use of scarce, non-renewable resources. Second order effects (or the environmental load reduction achieved by ICTs): the impacts and opportunities created by the use and application of ICTs. This includes environmental load
39、 reduction effects which can be either actual or potential, such as travel substitution, transportation optimization, working environment changes, use of environmental control systems, use of e-business, e-government, etc. NOTE E.g., if an ICT service offers a reduced need for transport, the travel
40、substitution replacing transportation by car is actual the car does not run whereas the reduced need for travel by public transport is potential the plane, train or metro is still running if the timetable has not changed. However, the large scale deployment of videoconferencing and teleworking (tele
41、commuting) in the future will likely change lifestyles and impact on social structure, and while it is expected to substantially reduce traffic volume, further research is required to assess what the full impact (including rebound effects) will be. Other effects: the impacts and opportunities create
42、d by the aggregated effects on societal structural changes by using ICTs; Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) vii particularly for some ICT services such as teleworking or videoconferencing, the time gained by an end user using an ICT service which then may cause additional impact e.g., a leisurely drive an
43、d economic activities, which are difficult to track. Such additional impacts are often defined as “rebound effects“. Most of the benefits of ICTs lie in the second order effects via increased efficiency, transparency, speed of transactions, rapid market-clearing, long-tail effects and so on. There a
44、re environmental impacts associated with the first order: environmental impact of ICT goods, networks and services such as resource consumption and carbon emissions during manufacturing and the disposal of hardware. Other effects await further exploration due to the many uncertainties involved. Whil
45、e these other effects may be critical in constructing a more sustainable society, much more research on this remains to be done. Thus, this Recommendation focuses on the first and second order effects. Further research in the area of other effects is encouraged. In constructing a sustainable society
46、 from an environmental viewpoint, the negative aspects of ICTs should be minimized and the positive ones should be maximized, as summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1 Schematic model for the environmental assessment of ICT goods, networks and services The first order effect (or environmental load caused
47、by ICT) can be quantified by performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). The second order effect (or environmental load reduction achieved by ICT) can be quantified by the comparison of LCA results between the ICT goods, networks and services product system and the reference product system performing
48、the same function. To reflect the first two order effects, this Recommendation describes environmental assessments through a life cycle assessment (LCA) which is a systematic analytical method and model by which the potential environmental effects related to ICT goods, networks and services can be e
49、stimated. This Recommendation also gives guidance on the assessment of software. LCAs have a cradle-to-grave scope where the life cycle stages, i.e., raw material acquisition, production, use, and end-of-life are included. Moreover, transport and energy supplies are included at each life-cycle stage. viii Rec. ITU-T L.1410 (12/2014) ISO has standardized the LCA methodology. In this document, ICT-specific additions to the ISO 14040 and IS
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