1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1440 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (10/2015) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE
2、PLANT Methodology for environmental impact assessment of information and communication technologies at city level Recommendation ITU-T L.1440 Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1440 Methodology for environmental impact assessment of information and communication technologies at cit
3、y level Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1440 gives general guidance on city-level environmental assessments related to information and communication technologies (ICT) and provides a description of the methodologies to be used for the assessment of the environmental impact of ICT in cities. In this f
4、irst edition of this Recommendation, the assessment is limited to energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This Recommendation is divided into two parts. 1) Part I relates to the first order effects from the use of ICT goods and networks in a citys organizations and households. 2) Part
5、 II relates to the first and second order effects from ICT projects and services applied in the city. This Recommendation provides specific guidance on setting city boundaries, preparing and performing the assessment of ICT-related GHG emissions and energy consumption at city level. History Edition
6、Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1440 2015-10-23 5 11.1002/1000/12431 Keywords Cities, energy consumption, environmental impact, GHG, greenhouse gas emissions, households, ICT, Information communication technologies, public administration. * To access the Recommendation, ty
7、pe the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/ 11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized ag
8、ency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a vie
9、w to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendat
10、ions is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for concisen
11、ess to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendatio
12、n is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INT
13、ELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, w
14、hether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are
15、 cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permissio
16、n of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere: . 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 5 Conventions 4 6 Guidance on how to use this Recommendation 4 7 General principl
17、es for impact assessment of ICT in cities . 5 7.1 General . 5 7.2 Boundaries 6 7.3 Cut-off 8 7.4 Allocation . 8 7.5 Data quality and assessment . 9 7.6 Interpretation of results . 9 7.7 Emission factors . 10 8 Guidance for the assessment of other impacts of ICT at city level 10 8.1 Inventory of othe
18、r effects . 10 8.2 Inventory of drivers and barriers for ICT projects and services . 11 9 Preparing a report on the environmental impact of ICT in cities . 12 9.1 General . 12 9.2 Reporting of assessments based on Part I . 13 9.3 Reporting of Part II . 13 10 Part I: First order effects from the use
19、of ICT goods and networks in a citys organizations and households . 14 10.1 General description . 14 10.2 First order effect at city level of ICT goods and networks in households 14 10.3 First order impact at city level of ICT goods and networks in organizations . 15 11 Part II: Methodological guida
20、nce for the assessment of the second order effect of ICT projects and services at city level 16 11.1 General description . 16 11.2 Environmental impact of ICT projects at city level . 17 11.3 Environmental impact of ICT services at city level . 19 11.4 Guidance for estimating the impact of ICT proje
21、cts or ICT services based on pilot implementations or experiences made by pilots or other cities 20 iv Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) Page Appendix I Example of the assessment of the first order effect of ICT goods and networks in households at a city level 22 I.1 Tier 1 assessment example . 22 I.2 Tie
22、r 2 Assessment example 27 I.3 Reporting 31 Appendix II Example of the assessments of first order effect of ICT goods and networks in organizations at a city level . 34 II.1 Tier 1 assessment example . 34 II.2 Tier 2 assessment 39 II.3 Reporting 44 Appendix III Examples on how to apply this Recommend
23、ation to an ICT project at city level . 47 Appendix IV Example on how to apply this Recommendation to an ICT service at city level . 51 Appendix V Example regarding how to estimate effects of ICT projects or ICT services based on pilots or experiences made by other cities . 55 Appendix VI Example of
24、 combined results for households and organizations 60 Appendix VII Example of allocation of the impact of a data centre 62 Bibliography. 64 Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) v Introduction Cities, which are home to half the worlds population, are growing rapidly and consume over two-thirds of the worlds e
25、nergy and account for more than 70 per cent of global CO2 emissions. Nonetheless, cities are of the right scale and structure to deal with the challenges they face. As centres of cultural, political and economic leadership, cities can act on climate change, implementing bold steps to reduce greenhou
26、se gas emissions so that others may follow. Due to this, the concept of smart sustainable cities (SSCs) is increasingly in focus. Although the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) could reduce the environmental impact of cities, the deployment of ICT itself will consume increasing
27、 amounts of energy and resources. The positive as well as the negative impact of ICT has to be taken into account when assessing its impact. The environmental impact of ICT in cities is the result of three orders of effects: The first order effect of ICT goods and networks in cities is related to th
28、eir raw materials acquisition, production, use and end-of-life treatment. The impact of the whole life cycle is considered, both for goods, networks and services. The second order effect refers to the environmental impact due to the use of ICT in other products or sectors in order to reduce their gr
29、eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or energy consumption. ICT can improve sustainability of urban infrastructure such as airports, harbours, buildings, public administration, sports venues, transport, street lighting, water management and security systems. ICT can also drive towards dematerialization and
30、enhance optimization of other technologies, such as increasing the efficiency of power supply (e.g., to optimize smart grids). Other effects of ICT in cities are systematic effects related to citizens behaviours and behavioural changes, but also to structural changes linked to the use of ICT. In par
31、ticular, so called rebound effects are included among other effects. Rebound effects refer to efficiency gains being offset by increased consumption. NOTE 1 This Recommendation uses both the terms “effects“ and “impacts“ where impact denotes the quantification of the effect. NOTE 2 In this Recommend
32、ation, energy consumption refers to the secondary energy used. GHG emissions also include the emissions related to energy generation and distribution. Furthermore, GHG emissions are included for assessment in ITU-T L.1410. A number of methodologies have been developed in order to assess the environm
33、ental impact of cities. However, this Recommendation provides specific guidance on the assessment of the overall environmental impact of ICT at city level, as well as guidance on the assessment of city-level ICT projects and services. This Recommendation is structured as follows: the initial clauses
34、 contain the general principles. Part I relates to the first order effects of the use of ICT goods and networks in a citys organizations and households and Part II relates to the first and second order effects of ICT projects and services applied in the city. Both parts are based on the existing ITU
35、-T L.14xx-series of Recommendations (ITU-T L.1410, ITU-T L.1420 and ITU-T L.1430). In addition, examples are provided in the appendices. Figure Int.0.1 shows an overview of the structure of this Recommendation. Part I is contained in clause 10 and Part II is contained in clause 11. vi Rec. ITU-T L.1
36、440 (10/2015) Figure Int.0.1 Overview of the structure of Recommendation ITU-T L.1440 Although this Recommendation focuses on assessing the impact of ICT in cities, it is advisable that cities consider the first order impact of ICT in relation to the overall impact of ICT, in order to ensure that a
37、balanced approach is adopted when tackling climate change and that ICT first order impact is co-optimized with its potential ability to enable GHG emissions reductions. Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1440 Methodology for environmental impact assessment of information and commun
38、ication technologies at city level 1 Scope Based on other ITU-T L.14xx-series of Recommendations, this Recommendation aims at providing guidance for the assessment of ICT-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption at city level. This Recommendation provides a framework for the qua
39、ntitative assessment at city level of first and second order effects of ICT. It also gives some guidance on how to qualitatively assess other effects. More specifically, this Recommendation can be used to assess the first order effects of the use of ICT in organizations and households, as well as it
40、s first and second order effects when applied to different industrial sectors such as transport, buildings, utilities and waste management. For the second order effects, it is not expected that the overall second order effects of all ICT at city level is assessed. Rather, this Recommendation provide
41、s guidance on how to assess the second order impact of one or more ICT projects or ICT services at the scale of the city. This Recommendation, in line with ITU-T L.1400, is focused on energy consumption and GHG emissions. This Recommendation is intended for city authorities, policy-makers, environme
42、nt and ICT experts and the industry and planning authorities, and can be used to guide the assessment of ICT-related GHG emissions and energy consumption at a city level. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, c
43、onstitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of th
44、e Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1400 Recommendation ITU-T L.140
45、0 (2011), Overview and general principles of methodologies for assessing the environmental impact of information and communication technologies. ITU-T L.1410 Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), Methodology for environmental life cycle sssessments of information and communication technology goods, ne
46、tworks and services. ITU-T L.1420 Recommendation ITU-T L.1420 (2012), Methodology for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment of information and communication technologies in organizations. ITU-T L.1430 Recommendation ITU-T L.1430 (2013), Methodology for assessment of the e
47、nvironmental impact of information and communication technology greenhouse gas and energy projects. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1440 (10/2015) 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere: This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 ICT energy project ITU-T L.1430: An ICT project that is d
48、esigned to reduce energy consumption or enhance generation or storage of energy. 3.1.2 ICT goods ITU-T L.1410: Tangible goods deriving from or making use of technologies devoted to or concerned with: the acquisition, storage, manipulation (including transformation), management, movement, control, di
49、splay, switching, interchange, transmission or reception of a diversity of data; the development and use of the hardware, software, and procedures associated with this delivery; and the representation, transfer, interpretation, and processing of data among persons, places, and machines, noting that the meaning assigned to the data is preserved during these operations. 3.1.3 ICT greenhouse gas (GHG) project ITU-T L.1430: An ICT project that is designed to reduce GHG emissions or increase GHG removals. 3.1.4 ICT network I
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