1、STD-ITU-T RECMN L-22-ENGL L99b 48b2591 Ob32784 T72 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU=T TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU L.22 (1 Oi96) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Fire protection ITU-T Recommendation L.22 (Pr
2、eviously CCIlT Recommendation) STDOITU-T RECMN L.22-ENGL 199h W 4b259L b32985 909 m ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT For further details, please refer to TU-T List of Recommendations. FOREWORD The ITU-T (Telecommun
3、ication Standardization Sector) is a permanent organ of the International Telecommunication Union (IT). The IT-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommen- dations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World
4、 Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the IT-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of Recommendations by the Members of the ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid do
5、wn in WTSC Resolution No. 1 (Helsinki, March 1-12, 1993). ITU-T Recommendation L.22 was prepared by IT-T Study Group 6 (1993-1996) and was approved by the WTSC (Geneva, 9-18 October 1996). NOTES 1. telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. 2. follows: In this Recommendation
6、, the expression ?Administration? is used for conciseness to indicate both a The status of annexes and appendices attached to the Series L Recommendations should be interpreted as - - an annex to a Recommendation forms an integral part of the Recommendation; an appendix to a Recommendation does not
7、form part of the Recommendation and only provides some complementary explanation or information specific to that Recommendation. O ITU 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
8、 microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU. Recommendation L.22 (10/96) 1 CONTENTS 1 General . 2 Reduction of the fire-load coefficient 2.1 Fire-load coefficient 3 Creation of fire sectors . 4 Fire statistics . 5 It is recommended that . 5.1 Fire-loads 5.2 Fire sectors 5.3 Escape routes
9、5.4 Fire statistics . 5.5 Disaster recovexy plan Annex A . An example of the division of a building into fire sectors Appendix I . United Kingdom experience Building construction 1.2 Emergency lighting . 1.3 Fire safety signs I . 1 Appendix II . Argentinian experience Appendix III . Japanese experie
10、nce Appendix IV . United States experience IV.l Building construction IV.2 Fire prevention Fire system installation and related codes IV.3 IV.4 Telecommunications Equipment Fire Resistance Standards Page 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 11 Recommendation L.22 (10196) STD-ITU-T RECMN L-2
11、2-ENGL 179b m 4b257L Ob329B bL Recommendation L.22 carbon hydrogen suifur others FIRE PROTECTION (Geneva, 1996) CO flames radiation hot gases + Oxygen CO, H*O 1 General so2 Taking into account the serious damage that can occur when fires break out and the importance of fire prevention to the securit
12、y, service provision and economics of communication systems, there are several aspects that should be considered, such as: - - - fire statistics. reduction of the fire-load coefficient; division of the building into compartments (fire sectors) to reduce and delay the spread of fire; + smoke 2 Reduct
13、ion of the fire-load coefficient For a fire to start, develop and spread, three factors must take place simultaneously: - - the presence of oxygen; - the existence of sufficient quantity of combustible materials (combustible charge); the temperature to produce ignition of the materials. From the thr
14、ee factors described above, the most important is the amount of combustible materiais in the building. Building designers and Administrations can exert significant control on the use of combustible materials which will be of benefit for fire prevention by reducing the fire-load that would feed the f
15、ire. If the extra combustible charge from decorative items and soft furnishings is added, the amount of combustible material (fire-load) reaches a limit which could be dangerous in the event of a fire. For example, in most telecommunication buildings the fire-load is formed by: plastic and natural o
16、r synthetic wood elements used for floors, dividing walls, partitions, cabinets and suspended ceilings; materials of organic origin such as paints, papers and textiles; insulating materials, ducts, plastic or rubber equipment parts; decorative items and furnishings such as curtains, upholstery and c
17、ombustible foam padding, carpets, pictures, books and writing materials. - - - - External or Ignition self-generated heat i temperature Others ashes I FIGURE lL22 - Combustion process Recommendation L.22 (1096) 1 STD-ITU-T RECMN L-ZZ-ENGL L99b 48b259L Ub32989 554 W Exothermic reactions c + 1/2 O2 +
18、CO + 28.8 kcal CO + 1/2 02 + CO2 + 68.4 kcal H2 + 1/2 O2 + H20 + 57.6 kcal (vapour) s+ o2 + SO2 + 78.1 kcal 2.1 Fire-load coefficient In order to quantifi the fire-load, that is, the total quantity of heat given off by all the materials which will burn in a fire, the fire-load coefficient “g” should
19、 be calculated for each fire sector (compartment), applying the formula: z(Gi . Hu) - ZQi - A A g= where: Gi Hu CQi A is the weight of each combustible material expressed in kg is the specific heat of each combustible material expressed in McaVkg is the sum of all the heat quantities in a fire secto
20、r expressed in Mcal is the fire sector area expressed in m2 3 Creation of fire sectors Combustion is an oxidation process which, once initiated, keeps going when combustible materials are heated over their ignition temperature and continue to receive enough oxygen through the air supply. This create
21、s a thermal exchange by conduction, radiation and convection to surrounding materials that encourages the fire to spread. By dividing the building into compartments to form fire sectors, the fire can be contained or delayed fi-om spreading. The compartments are created using partitions of high-perfo
22、rmance fire-stopping elements which are difficult to ignite. The degree of fire resistance of the partition elements will depend on the size of the compartments and their use, for example, as offices or storage areas. 4 Fire statistics Fires are isolated catastrophes affecting a limited number of pe
23、ople and buildings at any one time. Once the fire has broken out, every effort is applied to fighting the fire with the activation of various systems and devices, such as detection systems, alarm systems, extinguisher systems and fire-fighting personnel. When the fire has been controlled and extingu
24、ished, investigations are started to find the possible causes of the fire. The reports produced by the Administration can be turned into fire statistics. These can be taken into account in the design of new buildings and procedures to reduce the outbreaks of fire. 5 It is recommended that 5.1 Fire-l
25、oads In addition to the materials excluded by national legislation, the use of materials which, when ignited, produce an emission of gases: - - that are toxic and harmful to people; that are corrosive to telecommunication equipment; should be reduced as much as possible. 2 Recommendation L.22 (10196
26、) STD.ITU-T RECMN L-22-ENGL 1996 E 48b2591 Ob32970 27b The fire-load coefficient for each fire sector should be minimized, choosing materials for the building and its installations taking into consideration: - ease of ignition; - ability to spread fire; - smoke emission; - gas corrosiveness; - gas t
27、oxicity. Materials that are easy to ignite and which produce large quantities of smoke should not be used. Wherever possible, materials should be used which are marked with internationally-adopted terminology and/or symbols for different flammabiliw and heat transfer conditions: F Flame transference
28、 rating. H Heat transference rating. 5.2 Fire sectors To reduce the spread of fire, the building should be divided into fire isolated compartments (fire sectors) (see Annex A). The elements of the structure forming the boundaries of the fire sector should have fire resistance. The degree of fire res
29、istance will depend on the use of each compartment. Fire sector partitions.should be made from a combination of non-combustible, self-extinguishing andor fire-resistant materiais. All entry and exit doors in the partition walls of a fire sector should be self-closing and should be made from material
30、s having a fire resistance at least equal to that of the partitions forming the boundaries of the fire sector. In compartments (fire sectors) with high risk, such as fuel storage tank rooms, special precautions need to be taken. The prevention of the spread of mobile burning substances and a longer
31、fire containment time for the compartment may be necessary. Vertical service shafts should be either an individual fire sector or should form part of other fire sectors by partitioning them at each concrete floor with a barrier of fixed or removable elements to provide a specified time of fire resis
32、tance (for example, at least 30 minutes). Ventilation and air-conditioning ducts and shafts should be equipped with the necessary devices to partition them at the places where they penetrate fire sector partitions. Cable chambers should contain duct seals around cables entering the building to preve
33、nt flammable and other gases from penetrating the building. Where cables penetrate a fire section partition, fire-stopping materials should be used which are easily applied or replaced during fture cable installations. 5.3 Escape routes Escape routes, except through rooms, should be clad with finish
34、 materials which limit the surface spread of flame, which do not generate toxic gases and which minimize the generation of smoke. Doors within the building should be fitted with self-closing devices to prevent the spread of smoke and fire. Doors which are normally closed should be designed to allow
35、their opening, in the direction of escape, with a quick and easy movement. 5.4 Fire statistics Each Administration should gather reports on fire breakouts in their telecommunication buildings. The report on each fire should be given in a form that allows analysis of damage and arising consequences,
36、building topology, the performance of fire detection, prevention and extinguishing systems, the performance of staff and the fire service and any other useful feature worth considering. Recommendation L.22 (10/96) 3 Administrations should promote the best possible collection of information in order
37、to have better and deeper knowledge and understanding of the causes of fire, the damage inflicted and the effect of building features on the spread of fire. Data obtained in this way should be evaluated and classified for future incorporation and/or modification of the Fire Security Code of each Adm
38、inistration. 5.5 Disaster recovery plan A hazard assessment of the deposits produced by a fire together with the precautions necessary for their safe removal should be made. An assessment of the extent of the fire damage should be made in order to decide whether the equipment should be partially or
39、completely replaced. Fire-damaged equipment may function in the short term but then become increasingly unreliable. Arrangements should be made to provide a temporary service for emergency and other essential services. Consideration should be given to providing a temporary service for non-essential
40、customer requirements. Annex A An example of the division of a building into fire sectors Whole building Each floor Each basement floor Air-conditioning rooms Battery rooms Cable chambers Cable ducts Chimneys (smokestacks) Combustible materials storage rooms Telecommunication equipment rooms Elevato
41、r machinery rooms Elevator shafts Entrance halls and stairways Evacuation routes Garages Garbage chutes and rooms Generator rooms Kitchens Offices Pumping equipment rooms Rectifier and main power switching rooms Rest rooms Store rooms Transformer rooms 4 Recommendation L.22 (10/96) Appendix I United
42、 Kingdom experience 1.1 Building construction The Building Regulations - Fire safety covering: B 1 - Means of escape B2 - Internal fire spread (linings) B3 - Internal fire spread (structure) B4 - External fire spread B5 -Access and facilities for the fire service 1.2 Emergency lighting British Stand
43、ard (BS) 5266: Part 1 Emergency lighting - Part 1 - Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises other than cinemas and certain other specified premises used for entertainment. 1.3 Fire safety signs British Standard (BS) 5499: Part 1 Fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols - Part 1
44、 - Specification for fire safety signs. Appendix II Argentinian experience IRAM are the initials of National Institute of Rationalization and Materials - Member of IS0 (International Organization for Standardization) - COPANT (Panamerican Commission of Technical Rules). CDIGO DE EDIFICACIN DE LA CIU
45、DAD DE BS.AS. LEY DE HIGIENE Y SEGURIDAD EN EL TRABAJO No. 19587, Decreto Reglamentario 351/79. NORMA IRAM 3570:1963 PUERTAS CONTRA INCENDIO, DE MADERA Y METLICAS. NORMA IRAM 3598:1989 PROTECCIN CONTRA INCENDIOS. Prescripciones generales. NORMA IRAM 3652:1992 PROTECCIN CONTRA INCENDIOS. prescripcion
46、es generales para centros de procesamiento de datos. Recommendation L.22 (10/96) 5 STD.ITU-T RECMN L.22-ENGL L99b I 4862591 Ob32993 TA5 Appendix III Japanese experience Japanese Standards relating to Water Supply for Fire Fighting Fire Law Enforcement Ordinances: Clause 27 Japanese Standards relatin
47、g to Required Instaliations for Fire Fighting Activities Smoke exhaust installations Fire Law Enforcement Ordinances: Fire Law Enforcement Regulation: Building Standards Law: Coupled water sprinkler installations Fire Law Enforcement Ordinances: Fire Law Enforcement Regulation: Coupled water pipe Fi
48、re Law Enforcement Ordinances: Fire Law Enforcement Regulation: Emergency electricis, outlet installations Fire Law Enforcement Ordinances: Fire Law Enforcement Regulation: Radio communications support installations Fire Law Enforcement Ordinances: Fire Law Enforcement Regulation: Appendix IV United
49、 States experience Clause 28 Clauses 29 and 30 Clause 126, Articles 2 and 3 Clause 28, Article 2 Clause 30, Articles 2 and 3 Clause 29 Clause 3 1 Clause 29, Article 2 Clause 3 1, Article 2 Clause 29, Article 3 Clause 3 1, Point 2 of Article 2 IV.l Building construction United States model building codes: in the United States, there are several different building codes. Different codes are adopted in different areas of the country. The three major building codes are: national building code; standard building code; uniform building code. IV.2 Fire prevention United States
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