1、 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-T P.880TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (05/2004) SERIES P: TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION QUALITY, TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS, LOCAL LINE NETWORKS Methods for objective and subjective assessment of quality Continuous evaluation of time varying speech q
2、uality ITU-T Recommendation P.880 ITU-T P-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION QUALITY, TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS, LOCAL LINE NETWORKS Vocabulary and effects of transmission parameters on customer opinion of transmission quality Series P.10 Subscribers lines and sets Series P.30 P.300 Transmi
3、ssion standards Series P.40 Objective measuring apparatus Series P.50 P.500 Objective electro-acoustical measurements Series P.60 Measurements related to speech loudness Series P.70 Methods for objective and subjective assessment of quality Series P.80 P.800 Audiovisual quality in multimedia service
4、s Series P.900 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) i ITU-T Recommendation P.880 Continuous evaluation of time varying speech quality Summary This Recommendation describes a methodology called Continuous Evaluation of Time Varying Speech
5、Quality (CETVSQ) that can be used for evaluating the impact of the time fluctuations of speech quality on the instantaneous perceived quality (that is perceived at any instant of a speech sequence) and on the overall perceived quality (at the end of the speech sequence). The method uses a two-part t
6、ask: first, an instantaneous judgment on a continuous scale with a slider during the speech sequence, and second, an overall judgment on a standard five-category scale at the end of the speech sequence. Source ITU-T Recommendation P.880 was approved on 14 May 2004 by ITU-T Study Group 12 (2001-2004)
7、 under the ITU-T Recommendation A.8 procedure. ii ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU
8、-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for stu
9、dy by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a
10、collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain
11、certain mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g. interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requi
12、rements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Righ
13、t. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellec
14、tual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementors are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database. ITU 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publi
15、cation may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) iii CONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Abbreviations 1 4 Description of the method 1 4.1 Origin and motivation. 1 4.2 Test preparation 2 4.3 Listening session 2 4.4 Stati
16、stical analysis 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) 1 ITU-T Recommendation P.880 Continuous evaluation of time varying speech quality 1 Scope This Recommendation defines a method of subjective assessment of transmitted speech quality for long speech sequences containing quality/time fluctuat
17、ions. This method is based both on a continuous rating during the listening of a speech sequence and on an overall rating at the end of the speech sequence. Therefore, in addition to the measure of the overall perceived quality (as with the generally recommended methods), it provides a measure of th
18、e instantaneous perceived quality, i.e., the quality perceived at any instant of a heard transmitted speech sequence. In its current version, this method is not applicable to the selection of speech codecs. However, it is a useful tool to diagnose the effects of impairments on instantaneous and over
19、all perceived quality, especially for discontinuous impairments with temporal fluctuations (e.g., those due to IP packet losses, handover in mobile networks, etc.). It can also aid the development and the validation of objective measurement tools that aim to predict the speech quality by detecting a
20、nd analysing various types of impairments present in a speech signal; in fact, the Continuous Evaluation of Time Varying Speech Quality (CETVSQ) method can provide instantaneous judgments, as well as an overall evaluation of the subjective quality. 2 References 1 ITU-T Recommendation P.800 (1996), M
21、ethods for subjective determination of transmission quality. 2 ITU-R Recommendation BT-500-11 (2002), Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures. 3 Abbreviations This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations: ACR Absolute Category Rating ANOVA ANalysis Of
22、VAriance CETVSQ Continuous Evaluation of Time Varying Speech Quality MOS Mean Opinion Score QoS Quality of Service SSCQE Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation 4 Description of the method 4.1 Origin and motivation The development of the Continuous Evaluation of Time Varying Speech Quality (CE
23、TVSQ) method is motivated by the fact that the Quality of Service (QoS) of new networks varies, even during a single conversation, due to specific impairments (such as, packet losses for IP, handovers in mobile networks, etc.). These impairments are characterized by transient quality artefacts (as o
24、pposed to “continuous“ impairments such as signal-to-noise ratios) with a more or less high density. Short samples cannot account for this density. Moreover, because of the technical characteristics of mobile or IP networks, speech quality can vary strongly during the same communication. In order to
25、 assess speech quality, typical methods described in ITU-T 2 ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) Rec. P.800 1 use short stimuli (8 s) in subjective listening tests. These methods are well suited for time-constant speech quality. However, unless one evaluates a very large number of samples, they cannot take i
26、nto consideration realistic occurrences and distribution of these impairments. In addition, they cannot take into consideration long temporal quality fluctuations for which mnesic processes (memory effects) occur that impact the overall perceived quality. The absence of a methodology for assessing t
27、ime-varying speech quality motivates this Recommendation. Therefore, an assessment of the impact on perceived quality of these kinds of degradations and of their time fluctuations during a specific communication, requires speech sequences longer than those generally used in standard subjective metho
28、ds. Moreover, with a method of continuous judgment, it becomes possible to study the impact of transient degradations on perceived quality at any single instant during the listening sequence, and on overall perceived quality (at the end of the sequence). This method was inspired by the method Single
29、 Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation (SSCQE) used in the video domain (ITU-R BT.500-11 2). It has also been validated for speech quality through several previous studies (B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4). 4.2 Test preparation 4.2.1 Stimuli The speech material should be simple, meaningful, and easy to understa
30、nd. Short speech sequences should be avoided and, provisionally, speech sequence durations between 45 seconds and 3 minutes can be used. Source recordings, including recording environment and procedure, sending and recording system, talkers and speech levels could be the same as those described in B
31、.1/P.800 1. 4.2.2 Sources The number and the choice of the conditions depend on the purpose of the test. The only limit is the one imposed by the test duration. If possible, it is recommended including some control conditions in the set of test conditions, i.e., conditions without any variations of
32、physical parameters. 4.3 Listening session 4.3.1 Listeners An adequate number (at least 24) naive listeners shall participate in the test. All the listeners shall be native speakers of the language used for the test and no listener shall have participated in a subjective experiment in the previous s
33、ix months. 4.3.2 Audio presentation and testing environment Audio presentation shall comply with the guidelines given in ITU-T Rec. P.800 1. These guidelines include the listening system, listening levels, and listening environment. 4.3.3 Continuous judgement recording device and set-up An electroni
34、c slider (e.g., variable resistor) connected to a computer should be used for recording the continuous quality assessment from the subjects. This device should have the following characteristics: slider mechanism without any “re-set“ position (i.e., no automatic return to a pre-defined position); li
35、near range of travel of about 10 cm; fixed or desk-mounted position; “slider position“ samples recorded twice a second (fast enough to accurately capture responses from the subjects); ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) 3 “slider position“ could be coded from 0 (bottom of scale) to a minimum of 100 (top of s
36、cale), for an acceptable resolution. The initial slider position should be at the midpoint of the scale. 4.3.4 Evaluation task For each speech sequence, the subjects task is twofold: a continuous evaluation while listening to the sequence, and an overall evaluation at the end of the sequence. For mo
37、re details and results from previous studies, see B-1 and B-2. a) Continuous evaluation Firstly, subjects are instructed to assess the speech quality of the sequence continuously by moving a slider along a continuous scale so that its position reflects their opinion on quality at that instant; the s
38、ubjects can position the slider anywhere on the scale. Five labels are shown along the scale, i.e., Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor and Bad to help the subject associate the slider position with suitable ranges of speech quality. Continuous-quality scale P.880_F01ExcellentGoodFairPoorBadFigure 1/P.880 C
39、ontinuous scale used for the instantaneous judgment b) Overall evaluation Secondly, at the end of each sequence, subjects are asked to rate its overall quality on the following 5-category listening-quality scale (the same MOS scale used in the ACR). Overall-quality scale (ACR) Quality of the speech
40、Associated score Excellent 5 Good 4 Fair 3 Poor 2 Bad 1 4.3.5 Test procedure Prior to the assessment of the test speech sequences, subjects undergo training by listening to a few selected sequences. Training sequences should cover different quality levels and different quality fluctuations represent
41、ative of the range of temporal fluctuations and quality levels that the subjects will encounter during the actual test. Generally the test consists of a number of sessions, separated with breaks. The entire set of stimuli (sequences) is presented in a different random order to the different groups o
42、f subjects. 4 ITU-T Rec. P.880 (05/2004) 4.3.6 Instructions to subject An example of typical instructions is given in Table 1 (for speech sequences of duration T seconds). The written instructions must be given (verbally as well, if necessary) prior to the beginning of the experiment. Table 1/P.880
43、Example of instructions that would be given to the listeners In this test, you will be listening to T-s speech sequences via the telephone handset. The speech quality of each sequence can vary in time in different ways. For each sequence, your tasks are: 1) To give your opinion on speech quality, du
44、ring the entire sequence, i.e., at any instant, by moving the slider on the table in front of you. The rating scale is continuous so that you can place the slider anywhere, with its position reflecting your opinion of the speech quality. Labels are shown along the scale (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor
45、and Bad) and are provided to help you for positioning the slider. For example, if you think that the quality corresponds exactly to a position between Fair and Good, you will place the slider in the middle of the two corresponding labels. However, you do not have to position the slider either direct
46、ly in front of a label or exactly half-way between two labels unless one of those positions accurately represents your opinion. Do not forget to move the slider as the quality varies. 2) At the end of each sequence, you are asked to give an overall quality score that should reflect your opinion on t
47、he speech quality of the entire sequence. You give this score by pressing the appropriate button to indicate your opinion on the following scale: Overall opinion on the speech quality of the sequence you have just heard: Excellent Good Fair Poor Bad You will have five seconds to record your answer b
48、y pushing the button corresponding to your choice. There will be a short pause before the presentation of next sequence. We will begin with a short practice session to familiarize you with the test procedure. The actual tests will take place during sessions of 10 to 15 minutes. Thank you for your he
49、lp. 4.4 Statistical analysis For each subject, if T-s corresponds to the duration of each sequence (in seconds), a data file of 2 T-s values is recorded (i.e., one instantaneous score every 500 ms during T seconds), plus one scalar value (i.e., the overall quality judgment). The 2 T-s instantaneous values (from t = 0 until t = 2T 1) are subsequently linearly transformed into values from 1 to 5, using the relation S(t) = 1 + 4 (slider position/maximum), where S(t) is the instantaneous opinion score. For each sequence, a mean instantaneo
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