ITU-T SERIES L SUPP 34-2016 ITU-T L 1410 C Example of hybrid life cycle assessment of the aggregated second order effects of selected information and communication technology servi.pdf

1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 34 (10/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEM

2、ENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT ITU-T L.1410 Example of hybrid life cycle assessment of the aggregated second order effects of selected information and communication technology services ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 34 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, E

3、NERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including no

4、de element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fibre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEV

5、ICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) i Supplement 34 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1410 Example of hybrid life cycle assessment of the aggregated second order effec

6、ts of selected information and communication technology services Summary Supplement 34 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations presents three case studies of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the second order effects of some selected information and communication technology (ICT) services running upon th

7、ree different primary subscription services: the 4th Generation Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) service, the 3rd Generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (3G W-CDMA) service, and an optical fixed Internet protocol (IP) network (broadband NW), all provided by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp

8、oration (NTT) groups in Japan. The goal of these case studies is to clarify the second order effects per private subscriber of the ICT services in compliance with ITU-T L.1410 for the assessed ICT services. The second order effects of each target scenario, e.g., e-mail, video/music on demand and gam

9、es, provided by each ICT service are evaluated by comparative analyses between each target scenario and corresponding reference scenarios, which are defined as a private subscribers behaviour when not using an ICT service. Both scenarios are defined in a questionnaire investigation given to users. T

10、he total second order effects per subscriber for each ICT service are obtained by aggregating the results of these comparative analyses based on hybrid LCA. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 34 2016-10-14 5 11.1002/1000/13157 Keywords 4th generation lo

11、ng term evolution (4G LTE), 3rd generation wideband code division multiple access (3G W-CDMA), comparative analysis, ICT services, information and communication technologies (ICTs), inputoutput analysis (IOA), optical fixed IP network (broadband NW), public switched telephone network (PSTN), second

12、order effect. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) FOREWORD The International Telecommunicat

13、ion Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff ques

14、tions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendation

15、s on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the

16、 expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicabi

17、lity) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publ

18、ication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claim

19、ed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication.

20、However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without th

21、e prior written permission of ITU. L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 5 Methodological framework 2 5.1 Evaluation procedure 2 5.2 Goal and scope definition . 3 6 Data collection 16 7 Data calculation

22、 18 8 Results. 30 8.1 4G LTE service . 30 8.2 3G W-CDMA service . 33 8.3 Broadband NW service . 36 Appendix I Reporting according to tables in Annex L of ITU-T L.1410 40 Appendix II Compliance with ITU-T L.1410 48 Appendix III Questionnaire 66 III.1 Questionnaire 1 . 66 III.2 Questionnaire 2 . 69 Bi

23、bliography. 71 L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) 1 Supplement 34 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations ITU-T L.1410 Example of hybrid life cycle assessment of the aggregated second order effects of selected information and communication technology services 1 Scope This Supplement provides an example of t

24、he life cycle assessment (LCA) of information and communication technology (ICT) services and networks, especially for the second order effects of network-based ICT services, such as e-mail, video/music on demand and games. This Supplement presents case studies of the LCA of the second order effects

25、 per private subscriber of some selected ICT services running upon three different primary subscription services: the 4th Generation Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) service, the 3rd Generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (3G W-CDMA) service and an optical fixed Internet protocol (IP) network

26、 (broadband NW), all provided by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) groups in Japan. The assessments were performed as comparative analyses in line with ITU-T L.1410 through a hybrid approach combining elements of process-sum and environmentally extended economic input-output (IO) LCAs

27、. Scenarios for comparison were based on the results of a customer questionnaire. 2 References ITU-T L.1410 Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services. ISO 14040 ISO 14040:2006, Env

28、ironmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14044 ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines. 3 Definitions None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: 4G LTE 4th Gener

29、ation Long Term Evolution 3G W-CDMA 3rd Generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access ATM Automated Teller Machine CD Compact Disc CFP Carbon Footprint DVD Digital Versatile Disc EoLT End-of-Life Treatment GHG Greenhouse Gas GWP Global Warming Potential 2 L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) ICT Inf

30、ormation and Communication Technology ID Identifier IO InputOutput IOA InputOutput Analysis IP Internet Protocol LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCI Life Cycle Impact LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment NW Network PC Personal Computer RBS Radio Base Station RMA Raw Material Acquisition PSTN Public Switched

31、Telephone Network SNS Social Network Service TV Television 5 Methodological framework 5.1 Evaluation procedure The evaluation procedure (see Figure 1) is: select target scenarios and corresponding reference scenarios for comparative analyses by customer questionnaire; execute the comparative analysi

32、s of each scenario in line with ITU-T L.1410; aggregate each result to obtain total second order effects of the assessed target scenarios. Figure 1-1 Evaluation procedure L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) 3 5.2 Goal and scope definition 5.2.1 Goal of the study The purpose of this case study is to pro

33、vide an example of the LCA of ICT services and networks, especially for the second order effects of network-based ICT services, e.g., e-mail, video/music on demand and games. The goal of these case studies is to clarify the second order effects per private subscriber of some selected ICT services ru

34、nning upon three different primary subscription services: the 4th Generation Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) service, the 3rd Generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (3G W-CDMA) service and an optical fixed IP network (broadband NW), all provided by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation

35、(NTT) groups in Japan. Scenarios for comparison were based on the results of a customer questionnaire. In this case study, a hybrid approach that includes environmentally extended economic inputoutput analysis (IOA) for production and end-of life was applied. 5.2.2 Scenarios for comparison Figures 1

36、-2 and 1-3 show model diagrams of target scenarios and reference scenarios, respectively. NOTE The target scenarios for mobile networks only include access by smartphones (for LTE) and feature phones (for W-CDMA). This is a simplification as in reality networks are also accessed by other devices suc

37、h as personal computers (PCs), laptops and tablets; additionally, different types of phones may be used on both networks. 4 L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) Figure 1-2 Target scenario NOTE Symbols tn (n = 128) correspond to target scenario identifiers (IDs) in Table1-1. L series Supplement 34 (10/20

38、16) 5 Figure 1-3 Reference scenario NOTE Symbols rn (n = 128) correspond to reference scenario IDs in Table1-1. Scenarios for comparison were based on the results of questionnaire 1 for private customers of each ICT service, which are shown in Table 1-1. In the reference scenario, users utilize diff

39、erent devices, e.g., paper, compact disc (CD) players or televisions (TVs), to perform different services/functions, e.g., meeting or sending mail. For each function, the usage per year is modelled based on the anticipated use of these services if no ICT service were available, based on a questionna

40、ire on which private customers estimate what they would have done in that case. Usage per year was checked for all ICT services. As an example, for the function “talk to someone“, users were asked whether they would use a home telephone or a public phone, meet in person or do nothing if they could n

41、ot have used the smartphone, for example. Based on the responses, the reference scenario was set up. To model this scenario each function was represented by the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the equipment used to perform the alternative activity. For example, “using a home phone“ wa

42、s modelled on the impact of the ICT hardware needed for use and “meeting someone“ on the transport needed, as further specified in clause 5.2.4. In total, 121 reference cases were defined. The allocation of equipment impact to different functions was based on usage time, as experienced by the user,

43、e.g., time spent on a phone call. The usage of different ICT services in the target scenarios were defined by statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan, which shows the actual use of each ICT service. Each ICT service was then modelled, based on impact of the equip

44、ment needed to perform the services, as specified in clause 5.2.4. Also, in this case, the allocation of equipment impact on the different functions was based on usage time. 6 L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) The results of the questionnaire are shown in Appendix III. Table 1-1 Target and reference

45、scenarios Function Mobile network Broadband NW Target scenario Reference scenario 4G LTE 3G W-CDMA ID ID Talk with someone t1 Voice calls r1.1 Use home telephone r1.2 Use public telephone r1.3 Meet r1.4 Do nothing Transmit messages t2 Email r2.1 Use home telephone r2.2 Use public telephone r2.3 Lett

46、er r2.4 Fax r2.5 Meet r2.6 Do nothing Listen to music t3 Music r3.1 Purchase CD r3.2 Rent CD r3.3 Watch TV, Listen to radio r3.4 Do nothing Set smartphone wallpaper t4 Images r4.1 Do nothing Play games t5 Games r5.1 Purchase game software r5.2 Rent game software r5.3 Play at arcade r5.4 Do nothing R

47、ead and watch entertainment and sports news t6 Entertainment and sports news r6.1 Watch TV, listen to radio r6.2 Read books, magazines r6.3 Read newspaper r6.4 Read hanging poster r6.5 Do nothing Search for information t7 Search and link aggregation r7.1 Search in library r7.2 Search with own books

48、r7.3 Purchase books, magazines r7.4 Ask on telephone r7.5 Meet and ask r7.6 Do nothing L series Supplement 34 (10/2016) 7 Table 1-1 Target and reference scenarios Function Mobile network Broadband NW Target scenario Reference scenario 4G LTE 3G W-CDMA ID ID Get unspecified number of onion t8 Bulleti

49、n boards r8.1 Use bulletin board in town block r8.2 Use interchange column of the newspaper, magazine r8.3 Use telephone to ask r8.4 Meet and ask r8.5 Do nothing Share own information with public t9 Personal websites r9.1 Use telephone r9.2 Letter r9.3 Meet and talk r9.4 Use bulletin board in town block r9.5 Do nothing Share own opinion with public t10 Blogs r10.1 Use telephone r10.2 Letter r10.3 Meet and talk r10.4 Use bulletin