1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 4 (12/2014) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Guidelines for developing a sustainable e-was
2、te management system ITU-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 4 L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) i Supplement 4 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Guidelines for developing a sustainable e-waste management system Summary Supplement 4 to the L series of Recommendations provides a set of guidelines tha
3、t countries can refer to when designing or adjusting their e-waste management systems. It provides guidance on policy/legal framework, collection mechanisms, financial mechanisms and engagement with all relevant stakeholders. It has been developed in response to WTSA Resolution 79 (Dubai, 2012), whi
4、ch instructs ITU-T Study Group 5 to develop guidelines for developing an adequate e-waste management system for telecommunications and ICT equipment as well as to respond to Plenipotentiary Resolutions 182 and 200 (Busan, 2014). History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-
5、T L Suppl. 4 2014-12-19 5 11.1002/1000/12432 Keywords Dismantling plants, electronic equipment, end-of-life, extended producer responsibility, e-waste, e-waste management, e-waste fund, framework, guideline, informal sector, mechanisms, obsolescence, producer compliance schemes, recycling, refurbish
6、ment, repair, reuse, reverse logistics, secondary raw materials, second-hand EEE, used EEE, waste, waste hierarchy, waste sorting, WEEE. _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For examp
7、le, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standa
8、rdization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), whi
9、ch meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within I
10、TU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is
11、voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the
12、 negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use
13、 of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU h
14、ad not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/
15、ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 Definitions 1 2.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 2.2 Terms defined in thi
16、s Supplement 2 3 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 4 Scope for regulation and standardization . 4 5 Definition of waste electrical and electronic equipment 5 6 E-waste management system design 6 7 General legal requirements . 7 7.1 Use of manufacturer and equipment identifiers . 8 7.2 Financing models 8
17、7.3 Collection phase . 9 7.4 Processing phase . 10 7.5 Information responsibility 11 7.6 Enforcement mechanisms and sanctions 11 7.7 Targets and reporting obligations . 12 8 International standards 13 9 List of indicators . 13 Appendix I Definitions of waste electrical and electronic equipment 15 Ap
18、pendix II “Overview of electrical and electronic equipment properties and their influences on end-of-life management“ 19 Appendix III Materials, substances, components and hazardous properties in electrical and electronic equipment 20 Appendix IV SWOT analysis of baseline conditions for e-waste syst
19、em design . 22 Appendix V Hazardous materials contained in e-waste . 23 Bibliography. 25 L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) 1 Supplement 4 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Guidelines for developing a sustainable e-waste management system 1 Scope This Supplement provides a set of guidelines that countr
20、ies can refer to when designing or adjusting their e-waste management systems. It provides guidance on policy/legal frameworks, collection mechanisms, financial mechanisms and engagement with all relevant stakeholders. 2 Definitions 2.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Supplement uses the following term
21、s defined elsewhere: 2.1.1 audit b-ISO/IEC 17000: Systematic, independent, documented process for obtaining records, statements of fact or other relevant information and assessing them objectively to determine the extent to which specified requirements are fulfilled. 2.1.2 component b-SBC, 2011: Ele
22、ment with electrical or electronic functionality connected together with other components, usually by soldering to a printed wiring board, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example, an amplifier, radio receiver or oscillator). 2.1.3 discarded b-StEP, 2014: It is the cri
23、tical point at which the potential nature of the item changes from a useful product to that of waste“. It does not include equipment which “can be directly re-used by someone else for the same purpose for which the product was originally designed b-StEP, 2014. 2.1.4 electrical and electronic equipme
24、nt (EEE) b-EU, 2012/19/EU: Equipment which is dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields and designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000 volts for alternating
25、current and 1500 volts for direct current. 2.1.5 disposal b-StEP, 2014: Material that cannot be recycled into raw material for use in manufacture of new EEE or other products would need to be disposed of using other methods, such as energy recovery or landfill. 2.1.6 distributor b-EU, 2012/19/EU: An
26、y natural or legal person in the supply chain, who makes an EEE available on the market. A distributor may also be a producer. 2.1.7 formal sector b-PMID: Represents the e-waste that is regulated by environmental protection laws specifically designed for e-waste. 2.1.8 gate fees b-Chalmin: The “exch
27、ange value“ associated to waste electrical and electronic equipment. It identifies the monetary flow from collection or treatment facilities operators to producer compliance schemes when the e-waste value is higher than management costs, e.g., recovery, recycling, re-use. The inverse money transfer
28、takes place when e-waste management activities generate a net cost for the facility. Some of the factors that concur to determine the gate fee are the potential energy generated, the presence of recoverable materials and the ratio between secondary and primary raw materials price. 2.1.9 generation (
29、of WEEE) b-UNU, 2014: The weight of discarded products (waste) due to national consumption from a national territory in a given reporting year prior any activity (collection, reuse, treatment or export). 2 L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) 2.1.10 illegal traffic b-Basel: Any trans-boundary movement of
30、 hazardous wastes or other wastes that has not been notified nor received consent, or whose consent has been obtained “through falsification, misrepresentation or fraud“; whose content “does not conform in a material way with the documents“ or “that results in deliberate disposal“ (b-Basel, article
31、9). 2.1.11 lifetime (or residence time) of electrical and electronic equipment b-PMID: The time the equipment spends at household, businesses and the public sector is called the lifetime or residence time. This includes the exchange of second hand equipment among and between households, and business
32、es. 2.1.12 orphan waste b-Hester: Products deposited for recycling that are the responsibility of a company that is either no longer present in the market or has not paid for its recycling. 2.1.13 put-on-the-market b-EU, 2012/19/EU: First making available of a product on the market within the territ
33、ory of a State on a professional basis. 2.1.14 producer b-EU, 2012/19/EU: any natural or legal person, established in a state, who manufactures or markets or resells EEE under his own name or trademark; places on the market of that state, on a professional basis, EEE from a third country or from ano
34、ther state; or sells EEE by means of distance communication directly to private households or to users other than private households in a state, and is established in another state or in a third country. 2.1.15 recovery b-EU, 2012/19/EU: Any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a
35、 useful purpose by replacing other materials that would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. 2.1.16 recycling b-EU, 2012/19/EU: Any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocesse
36、d into products or materials whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for back-filling operations. 2.1.17 re-use b-StEP, 2012a: Re-use of elect
37、rical and electronic equipment or its components is to continue to use of it (for the same purpose for which it was conceived beyond the point at which its specifications fail to meet the requirements of the current owner and the owner has ceased use of the product. 2.1.18 treatment b-EU, 2012/19/EU
38、: Recovery or disposal operations, including preparation prior to recovery or disposal. 2.1.19 used electrical and electronic equipment b-StEP 2014: Any electrical and electronic equipment that is discarded by the owner as waste with the intention of re-use “for the same purpose for which it was con
39、ceived beyond the point at which its specifications fail to meet the requirements of the current owner and the owner has ceased use of the product. Products could be donated or traded before or in this phase“. 2.1.20 waste electrical and electronic equipment: “Electrical or electronic equipment whic
40、h is “Any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard“ b-EU, 2008/98/EC, “including all components, sub-assemblies and consumables which are part of the product at the time of discarding“ b-EU, 2012/19/EU. 2.2 Terms defined in this Supplement This Supplement de
41、fines the following terms: 2.2.1 exporter of WEEE: Any person under the jurisdiction of the state of export who arranges for waste electrical and electronic equipment to be exported. (Adapted from the Basel Convention b-Basel.) L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) 3 2.2.2 importer of WEEE: Any person und
42、er the jurisdiction of the state of import who arranges for waste electrical and electronic equipment to be imported. (Adapted from the Basel Convention b-Basel.) 3 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: AC Alternating Current Al Aluminium Ag Silver
43、 Au Gold CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CRT Cathode Ray Tube Cu Copper DC Direct Current DVD Digital Versatile Disc EEE Electrical and Electronic Equipment EHS Environment, Health and Safety EPR Extended Producer Responsibility EOL End Of Life EU European Union Fe Iron ID Identifiers IT Information Technol
44、ogy MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forests PCB Printed Circuit Board, Polychlorinated Biphenyl PCS Producer Compliance Scheme Pd Palladium POM Put-On-the-Market ppm parts per million QR-Code Quick Response-Code RFID Radio Frequency Identification StEP Solve the E-waste Problem TV Television UNEP U
45、nited Nations Environment Programme UNU United Nations University UPA Universal Power Adapter US-EPA United States-Environmental Protection Agency WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 4 L series Supplement 4 (12/2014) 4 Scope for regulation and standardization This Supplement draws the att
46、ention of policy makers to one of the main environmental problems and economic opportunity of our time: the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Manifold are the reasons why countries should establish or reinforce their e-waste management national systems. According to the
47、 European Union WEEE directive, the appropriate management of WEEE is paramount due to the presence of hazardous substances, such as “mercury, cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and ozone-depleting substances“ b-EU, 2012/19/EU. Consequently, if not treated properly,
48、 WEEE could have significant environmental, economic, and social negative effects. It has been observed, for instance, that improper management of e-waste can have severe effects on the human health, causing allergies, respiratory diseases and cancer b-Puckett. Furthermore, leaching, open air burnin
49、g and heating, as well as the uncontrolled discharge of scrap, acids, cyanides and other by-products from processing operations pollute the soil, groundwater and food b-Terazono. On the contrary, the effective recycling of e-waste has a direct positive impact on the environment, economy and society. Prevention is paramount as 20-50 million tonnes of e-waste is generated globally each year b-UNEP, 2013a. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the wo
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