1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T T.810 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (05/2006) SERIES T: TERMINALS FOR TELEMATIC SERVICES Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Wireless ITU-T Recommendation T.810 ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) i INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IE
2、C 15444-11 ITU-T RECOMMENDATION T.810 Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Wireless Summary The purpose of this Recommendation | International Standard is to provide a syntax that allows to protect JPEG 2000 coded image data for transmission over wireless channels and networks. Prot
3、ection services include error detection and correction capability for header and bitstream, a description of the error sensitivity of different portions of the compressed data, and a description of possible residual errors in the compressed data. The syntax allows these protection services to be app
4、lied to coded image data in part or in their entirety. These services are designed so as to maintain the inherent features of JPEG 2000, such as scalability and access to various spatial areas, resolution levels, colour components, and quality layers, while providing protection services on these ele
5、ments. Source ITU-T Recommendation T.810 was approved on 29 May 2006 by ITU-T Study Group 16 (2005-2008) under the ITU-T Recommendation A.8 procedure. An identical text is also published as ISO/IEC 15444-11. ii ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is th
6、e United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing t
7、elecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by t
8、he procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both
9、 a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g. interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all
10、 of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIG
11、HTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by IT
12、U members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may
13、not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database. ITU 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) iii CONTENTS Page 1
14、Scope. 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3 4.1 Abbreviations. 3 4.2 Symbols 3 5 JPWL general description. 4 5.1 Introduction . 4 5.2 JPWL system description 5 6 JPWL normative parts . 7 7 JPWL informative parts . 7 Annex A Codestream syntax 8 A.1
15、Definitions of markers and marker segments 8 A.2 Marker code range defined in this Recommendation | International Standard 8 A.3 Marker and marker segment and codestream rules . 8 A.4 Information in the marker segments 8 A.5 Construction of the codestream 9 A.6 JPWL marker segments 9 Annex B Header
16、error protection 17 B.1 Introduction . 17 B.2 Predefined error-correction codes. 18 B.3 Use of EPB for header protection . 18 Annex C Error protection capability 22 C.1 Usage of the EPC marker segment 22 C.2 P CRC22 C.3 Data length (DL). 22 C.4 P EPC23 C.5 Identification of tools (ID) 23 C.6 Paramet
17、ers for tools (P ID ) 23 Annex D Error sensitivity descriptor . 24 D.1 Introduction and applications. 24 D.2 Marker definition and position in the codestream. 24 D.3 Codestream subdivision into data units 25 D.4 Sensitivity information. 25 D.5 Examples and guidelines 27 Annex E Residual errors descr
18、iptor . 29 E.1 Introduction . 29 E.2 Signalling of residual errors 29 E.3 Examples. 30 Annex F Guidelines for encoding JPEG 2000 codestreams in the context of error-prone environments. 31 F.1 Introduction . 31 F.2 JPEG 2000 Part 1 error-resilience tools . 31 F.3 JPEG 2000 encoder implementation guid
19、elines. 31 Annex G Recommended decoder error handling behaviour 33 G.1 Introduction . 33 G.2 JPEG 2000 Part 1 decoder recommended behaviour. 33 G.3 JPWL decoder implementation guidelines 34 iv ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) Page Annex H Error-resilient entropy coding . 36 H.1 Introduction . 36 H.2 Synta
20、x 36 H.3 Binary encoding with forbidden symbol 37 H.4 Error-resilience segmentation symbols 38 H.5 Error detection 39 H.6 Error correction 40 Annex I Unequal error protection . 45 I.1 Introduction . 45 I.2 Use of error-sensitivity descriptor as input information to unequal error-protection systems.
21、45 I.3 Use of Error Protection Block (EPB) for unequal error protection. 45 Annex J Interoperability with ISO/IEC 15444 . 46 J.1 Interoperability with ISO/IEC 15444-1 46 J.2 Interoperability with ISO/IEC 15444-3 46 J.3 Interoperability with ISO/IEC 15444-8 (JPSEC) . 46 Annex K Registration authority
22、 48 K.1 General introduction 48 K.2 Criteria for eligibility of applicants for registration 48 K.3 Applications for registration 48 K.4 Review and response to applications. 49 K.5 Maintenance 50 K.6 Publication of the register . 50 Annex L Patent statement 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 ISO/IEC 15444-11:2006 (E
23、) ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) 1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Wireless 1 Scope This Recommendation | International Standard defines, in an extensible manner, syntaxes and methods for the protection against errors that may occur durin
24、g the transmission of JPEG 2000 codestreams compliant with ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1. In this Recommendation | International Standard, these are referred to as Wireless JPEG 2000, “JPWL“, and applications using JPWL are referred to as a “JPWL system“. JPWL specifies a set of tools consistin
25、g of additional data structures to JPEG 2000 codestreams and error protection techniques, necessary for error correction and signalling. This Recommendation | International Standard includes definitions of the semantics, and suggests how these may be used. 2 Normative references The following Recomm
26、endations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties
27、 to agreements based on this Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecomm
28、unication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. ITU-T Recommendation T.800 (2002) | ISO/IEC 15444-1:2004, Information technology JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation |
29、 International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The definitions defined in ITU-T Rec. T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 clause 3 apply to this Recommendation | International Standard. 3.1 backward compatible: Includes all techniques that produce a bitstream that will lead the Part-1 decode
30、r to decode/display according to JPEG 2000 Part 4 (ITU-T Rec. T.803 | ISO/IEC 15444-4) specifications in case of error-free environment. 3.2 backward compatible with extensions: Includes all techniques that produce a bitstream that will not lead the Part-1 decoder to crash in case of error-free envi
31、ronment. A JPWL decoder is required to correctly decode/display images. 3.3 big endian: The bits of a value representation occur in order from most significant to least significant. 3.4 bitstream: The sequence of bits resulting from the coding of a sequence of symbols. It does not include the marker
32、s or marker segments in the main and tile-part headers or the EOC marker. It does include any packet headers and in stream markers and marker segments not found within the main or tile-part headers. 3.5 Bit Error Rate (BER): The BER is defined as the statistical expected value of the ratio between t
33、he number of erroneous bits in the received data and the size of the received data themselves. 3.6 code-block: A rectangular grouping of coefficients from the same subband of a tile-component. 3.7 codestream: A collection of one or more bit streams and the main header, tile-part headers, and the EOC
34、 required for their decoding and expansion into image data. This is the image data in a compressed form with all of the signalling needed to decode. ISO/IEC 15444-11:2006 (E) 2 ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) 3.8 data partitioning: Data partitioning is a modification of the organization of the codestream
35、, with a separation of the compressed data in different parts. 3.9 decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process, and optionally a colour transformation process. 3.10 decoding process: A process which takes as its input all or part of a codestream and outputs all or part of a reconstructed image. 3.1
36、1 encoder: An embodiment of an encoding process. 3.12 encoding process: A process that takes as its input all or part of a source image data and outputs a codestream. 3.13 Forward Error Correction (FEC): The FEC consists of any techniques aiming at providing error detection and/or correction capabil
37、ity by adding redundancy to the codestream. 3.14 interleaving: Interleaving is a modification of the data ordering of a codestream. 3.15 JPWL Registration Authority: An organization that is in charge of delivering a unique ID to reference a JPWL tool and storing the parameter list of its description
38、. 3.16 layer: A collection of compressed image data from coding passes of one, or more, code-blocks of a tile- component. Layers have an order for encoding and decoding that must be preserved. 3.17 little endian: The bits of a value representation occur in order from least significant to most signif
39、icant. 3.18 marker: A two-byte code in which the first byte is hexadecimal FF (0xFF) and the second byte is a value between 1 (0x01) and hexadecimal FE (0xFE). 3.19 marker segment: A marker and associated (not empty) set of parameters. 3.20 non-backward compatible: Includes all techniques that produ
40、ce a bitstream that may lead the JPEG 2000 Part 1 decoder to crash also in case of error-free environment. This kind of technique is outside of the scope of this Recommendation | International Standard. 3.21 packet: A part of the bitstream comprising a packet header and the compressed image data fro
41、m one layer of oneprecinct of one resolution level of one tile-component. 3.22 packet header: Portion of the packet that contains signalling necessary for decoding that packet. 3.23 Packet Loss Rate (PLR): The PLR is defined as the statistical expected value of the ratio between the number of packet
42、s discarded during the transmission, and the number of packets sent during the transmission. Within this definition, it is intended that a packet is considered at transmission level, and not as a basic entity of a JPEG 2000 codestream. 3.24 pointer markers and pointer marker segments: Markers and ma
43、rker segments that offer information about the location of structures in the codestream. 3.25 precinct: A rectangular region of a transformed tile-component, within each resolution level, used for limiting the size of packets. 3.26 precision: Number of bits allocated to a particular sample, coeffici
44、ent, or other binary numerical representation. 3.27 systematic codes: A systematic code is one that produces a given number of redundancy symbols in addition to the original input data symbols. 3.28 tile: A rectangular array of points on the reference grid, registered with and offset from the refere
45、nce grid origin and defined by a width and height. The tiles which overlap are used to define tile-components. 3.29 tile-component: All the samples of a given component in a tile. 3.30 tile index: The index of the current tile ranging from zero to the number of tiles minus one. 3.31 tile-part: A por
46、tion of the codestream with compressed image data for some, or all, of a tile. The tile-part includes at least one, and up to all, of the packets that make up the coded tile. 3.32 tile-part header: A group of markers and marker segments at the beginning of each tile-part in the codestream that descr
47、ibe the tile-part coding parameters. 3.33 transcoder: An embodiment of a transcoding process. ISO/IEC 15444-11:2006 (E) ITU-T Rec. T.810 (05/2006) 3 3.34 transcoding process: A process which takes as its input all or part of a codestream and outputs all or parts of it, together with the possible add
48、ition of other data. 3.35 Unequal Error Protection (UEP): UEP refers to the act of assigning different degrees of error protection to different parts of a codestream. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following abb
49、reviations apply. ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (formerly the CCITT) JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group The joint ISO/IEC/ITU committee responsible for developing standards for continuous-tone still picture coding. It also refers to the standards produced by this committee: ISO/IEC 10918 and their corresponding ITU-T Recommendations. JPEG 2000 Joint Photographic Experts Group The joint ISO/IEC/ITU committee responsible for developing standards for conti
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