1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T X.1275TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (12/2010) SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY Cyberspace security Identity management Guidelines on protection of personally identifiable information in the application of
2、RFID technology Recommendation ITU-T X.1275 ITU-T X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS X.1X.199 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION X.200X.299 INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS X.300X.399 MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS X.400X.499 DIRECTORY X.500X.599 OS
3、I NETWORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS X.600X.699 OSI MANAGEMENT X.700X.799 SECURITY X.800X.849 OSI APPLICATIONS X.850X.899 OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING X.900X.999 INFORMATION AND NETWORK SECURITY General security aspects X.1000X.1029 Network security X.1030X.1049 Security management X.1050X.1069 Telebiomet
4、rics X.1080X.1099 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES Multicast security X.1100X.1109 Home network security X.1110X.1119 Mobile security X.1120X.1139 Web security X.1140X.1149 Security protocols X.1150X.1159 Peer-to-peer security X.1160X.1169 Networked ID security X.1170X.1179 IPTV security X.1180X.119
5、9 CYBERSPACE SECURITY Cybersecurity X.1200X.1229 Countering spam X.1230X.1249 Identity management X.1250X.1279SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES Emergency communications X.1300X.1309 Ubiquitous sensor network security X.1310X.1339 CYBERSECURITY INFORMATION EXCHANGE Overview of cybersecurity X.1500X.15
6、19 Vulnerability/state exchange X.1520X.1539 Event/incident/heuristics exchange X.1540X.1549 Exchange of policies X.1550X.1559 Heuristics and information request X.1560X.1569 Identification and discovery X.1570X.1579 Assured exchange X.1580X.1589 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-
7、T Recommendations. Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) i Recommendation ITU-T X.1275 Guidelines on protection of personally identifiable information in the application of RFID technology Summary Recommendation ITU-T X.1275 recognizes that radio frequency identification (RFID) technology renders information
8、pertaining specifically to the merchandise worn or carried by individuals open to abuse even as it greatly facilitates access to and distribution of such information for useful purpose. The abuse can manifest as tracking the location of the individual or invasion of his or her privacy in another mal
9、feasant manner. For this reason, this Recommendation provides guidelines regarding the RFID procedures that can be used to enjoy the benefits of RFID while attempting to protect personally identifiable information. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group 1.0 ITU-T X.1275 2010-12-17 17 Ke
10、ywords Protection of personally identifiable information, RFID application. ii Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU
11、Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardizat
12、ion Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information techno
13、logy which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Complianc
14、e with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obliga
15、tory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation
16、 of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of t
17、he date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to c
18、onsult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Defini
19、tions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Conventions 2 6 Privacy principles . 3 7 Threats and infringements of PII in RFID 3 7.1 Invisibility of data collection 4 7.2 Profiling 4 7.3 Tracking 4 8 RFID applications . 4 8.1 Sup
20、ply-chain management . 5 8.2 Transportation and logistics . 6 8.3 Healthcare and medical application 7 8.4 e-government 8 8.5 Information service . 9 9 Guidelines on protection for personally identifiable information 10 9.1 Policies and procedures 10 9.2 Restriction on recording PII . 11 9.3 Informa
21、tion, consent, right of access, rectification, right to oppose 11 9.4 Restriction on collecting and linking PII 12 9.5 Deactivation of the RFID tag once the purpose is fulfilled 13 9.6 Information about service providers and data controllers 13 9.7 Organizational and technical measures for protectin
22、g PII . 13 9.8 Assessment of the privacy impact of the RFID system 14 9.9 Appointment of a data protection official 15 Appendix I Characteristics and restrictions of RFID tag 16 I.1 Classification and characteristics of RFID tags 16 I.2 Restrictions of passive tags 16 Appendix II Technical measures
23、for protecting PII in the RFID system 18 II.1 Kill tag using password 18 II.2 Privacy protection using physical technology 18 II.3 Privacy protection using cryptographic technology . 19 Bibliography. 22 Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) 1 Recommendation ITU-T X.1275 Guidelines on protection of personally
24、identifiable information in the application of RFID technology 1 Scope This Recommendation provides guidance to radio frequency identification (RFID) users and vendors (including RFID service providers and manufacturers) in protecting personally identifiable information for the privacy of individual
25、s in the context of RFID technology. These guidelines can be applied to cases wherein the RFID system may be used to invade individual privacy; e.g., personally identifiable information is recorded in an RFID tag and subsequently collected, or the object information collected by means of RFID is lin
26、ked to personally identifiable information. However, it does not apply to such cases where the object information is collected and used without any risk of disclosure of personally identifiable information and invasion of privacy. These guidelines seek to protect personally identifiable information
27、for the privacy of individuals potentially affected by an RFID system and to promote a safe environment for RFID use. These guidelines are intended to provide the basic rules for the RFID service provider and guidance to the RFID service provider, manufacturers and user with regard to privacy in RFI
28、D and are subject to local and national laws. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendatio
29、ns and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly publish
30、ed. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ISO/IEC 18000 ISO/IEC 18000-6 (2004), Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications
31、at 860 MHz to 960 MHz. ISO/IEC 19762-3 ISO/IEC 19762-3 (2005), Information technology Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques Harmonized vocabulary Part3: Radio frequency identification (RFID). 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms
32、 defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 personally identifiable information (PII) ITU-T X.1171: The information pertaining to any living person, which makes it possible to identify such individual (including the information capable of identifying a person when combined with other information even if the informati
33、on does not clearly identify the person). 3.1.2 radio frequency identification (RFID) system ISO/IEC 19762-3: Automatic identification system and data capture system comprising one or more reader/interrogators and one or more transponders in which data transfer is achieved by means of suitably modul
34、ated inductive or radiating electromagnetic carriers. 2 Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) 3.1.3 radio frequency identification (RFID) tag ISO/IEC 19762-3: Any transponder plus the information storage mechanism attached to the object. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation This Recommendation defines the
35、 following terms: 3.2.1 consent: Provision of opt-in or opt-out agreement for a data controller to collect, transfer, use, store, archive, or dispose (of) particular PII, meaning individual, limited agreement. 3.2.2 data controller: An entity linking the object information recorded in the RFID tag t
36、o PII, or recording PII in the RFID tag or collecting PII recorded in the RFID tag. 3.2.3 data subject: An entity who can be identified by one or more pieces of data related to his or her physical, physiological, mental, financial, cultural, or social attributes. 3.2.4 opt-in: An individuals explici
37、t consent for a PII controller to collect, transfer, use, store, archive, or dispose (of) particular PII for a specific purpose. 3.2.5 opt-out: An individuals exercise of choice through a request that a particular collection, transfer, usage, storage, archiving, or disposal of data does not occur. 3
38、.2.6 personal data: See personally identifiable information. It is synonymous of personal identifiable information. 3.2.7 radio frequency identification (RFID) manufacturer: Any entity manufacturing and selling RFID chips/tags or manufacturing (including processing or packaging) and selling objects
39、with built-in attached RFID tags. 3.2.8 radio frequency identification (RFID) service provider: Any entity offering a service based on objects that have built-in or attached RFID tags. 3.2.9 user: A person who purchases an object with built-in or attached RFID tags or makes use of the service based
40、on an object with built-in or attached RFID tag. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: AES Advanced Encryption Standard NFC Near Field Communication PDA Personal Digital Assistant PIA Privacy Impact Assessment PII Personally Identifiable Info
41、rmation RFID Radio Frequency Identification 5 Conventions None. Rec. ITU-T X.1275 (12/2010) 3 6 Privacy principles The guidelines described in this Recommendation are based on the privacy principles contained in the following documents: b-Council of Europe, b-EC1, b-EC2, b-OECD, b-UNHCR. Those princ
42、iples include in particular: Collection limitation: There should be limits to the collection of personal data and any such data should be obtained by lawful and fair means and, as appropriate, with the knowledge or consent of the data subject. Data quality: Personal data should be relevant to the pu
43、rposes for which they are to be used, and, to the extent necessary for those purposes, should be accurate, complete and kept up-to-date. Purpose specification: The purposes for which personal data are collected should be specified not later than at the time of data collection, and the subsequent use
44、 limited to the fulfilment of those purposes, or others that are not incompatible with those purposes and as are specified on each occasion of change of purpose. Use limitation: Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or otherwise used for purposes other than those specified in accorda
45、nce with the specified purpose. Security safeguards: Personal data should be protected by reasonable security safeguards against such risks as loss or unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification or disclosure of data. Openness: There should be a general policy of openness about developments,
46、 practices and policies with respect to personal data. Means should be readily available of establishing the existence and nature of personal data, and the main purposes of their use, as well as the identity and usual residence of the data controller. Individual participation: An individual should h
47、ave the right: a) to obtain from a data controller, or otherwise, confirmation of whether or not the data controller has data relating to him or her; b) to have communicated to him, data relating to him within a reasonable time; at a charge, if any, that is not excessive; in a reasonable manner; and
48、 in a form that is readily intelligible to him; c) to be given reasons if a request made under subparagraphs a) and b) is denied, and to be able to challenge such denial; and d) to challenge data relating to him and, if the challenge is successful, to have the data erased, rectified, completed or am
49、ended. Accountability: A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures that give effect to the principles stated above. 7 Threats and infringements of PII in RFID Threats and infringements of PII in RFID can be attributable to the characteristics of contactless RFID technology, vulnerabilities of wireless communication, and possibility of a third partys collection of information via an RFID reader. Appendix II describes the characteristics of RFID technology
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