1、 Item No. 24007 NACE International Publication 1D182 (2005 Edition) This Technical Committee Report has been prepared By NACE International Specific Technology Group 31* on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Underground Pipelines Wheel Test Method Used for Evaluation of Film-Persistent Corrosion Inhibitor
2、s for Oilfield Applications April 2005, NACE International This NACE International technical committee report represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone from manufacturing, mark
3、eting, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not included in this report. Nothing contained in this NACE report is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letter
4、s Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This report should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials not discussed herein. Neither is this report intended to apply in all cases relating to th
5、e subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this report in specific instances. NACE assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this report by other parties. Users of this NACE report are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and
6、regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this report prior to its use. This NACE report may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or refe
7、rred to within this report. Users of this NACE report are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirem
8、ents prior to the use of this report. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition of this report. NACE reports are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time without prior notice. NACE reports are automatically withdrawn if more than 10 years ol
9、d. Purchasers of NACE reports may receive current information on all NACE International publications by contacting the NACE Membership Services Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281/228-6200). Foreword The current technology for assessing the effectiveness o
10、f corrosion inhibitors proposed for batch treatment of oil wells is a subject of much discussion and, in many cases, disagreement. The purpose of this report is to explain a test method that has been used to evaluate film-persistent corrosion inhibitors for oilfield applications. The test method des
11、cribed in this report is not uniformly accepted throughout the oil industry, but is outlined here to make information available on at least one commonly used type of wheel test, the variables involved, and some sources of variation and inaccuracy. All data contained herein are presented for informat
12、ional purposes only. This report is intended for use by professionals in the oil and gas industry (including producers, service companies, and testing laboratories) for the evaluation of corrosion inhibitors that are designed for batch applications. This NACE technical committee report was originall
13、y prepared in 1982 by Task Group T-1D-8, a component of Unit Committee T-1D on Corrosion Monitoring and Control of Corrosion Environments in Petroleum Production Operations. It was reviewed by T-1D and reaffirmed in 1995 under the auspices of Group Committee T-1 on Corrosion Control in Petroleum Pro
14、duction and in 2005 by Specific Technology Group (STG) 31 on Oil and Gas ProductionCorrosion and Scale Inhibition. This report is published under the auspices of STG 31. _ *Chairman Alberto Valdes, GE Energy, Houston, Texas. NACE International 2 Introduction The test method presented herein (the so-
15、called “wheel test”1,2,3) is versatile in that it has often been adjusted to test a variety of inhibitors and has been performed on various test specimens. Its versatility has also enabled modifications to specific test variables, such as temperature, film life, surface conditions, concentration of
16、corrosive agents, and oil-to-water ratios. With respect to its versatility, the test is similar to other tests with the same general intent. The low level of reproducibility of test results is considered by some to offset the advantages of its versatility. Reproducibility problems seem to be encount
17、ered when the test is performed by more than one technician. A single technician appears to be more likely to reproduce his/her own results on a regular basis. This report describes the wheel test and discusses the various conditions in which it has been used. The wheel test is a dynamic test perfor
18、med by placing fluids (oil, water, and inhibitor) in a 200-mL beverage bottle with a metal test specimen, purging with a corrosive gas, and capping the bottle. The bottle generally has then been agitated for a period of time by securing it to the circumference of a “wheel” and rotating the wheel. Af
19、ter agitation, the test specimens have been transferred to another bottle containing no inhibitor (only corrosive fluids) and agitated for a longer period of time. At the end of this time, the metal test specimen has been removed and cleaned and the mass loss has been measured. Techniques used in ea
20、ch step of the test procedure are described. Fluids and Chemicals The oil used has generally been crude oil. It has usually been purged with inert gas or one of the corrosive gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) before it has been measured into the test container. Every possi
21、ble effort has been made to exclude air. When crude oil has not been available, a refined oil has been used. Refined oils contained oxygen and sometimes contained polar additives. Both of these materials have appeared to contribute to poor results and therefore usually were removed. Polar material h
22、as been removed by filtration through bentonite or fullers earth. Oxygen has been removed by blanketing the oil with oxygen-free nitrogen (99.99%) and agitating the oil with an aqueous solution of catalyzed sodium sulfite (Na2SO3). This has been done with 150 mL of 1% catalyzed sodium sulfite per 3
23、L of oil. Brines have been purged with nitrogen to remove oxygen, then sparged with CO2or H2S to simulate produced water. The synthetic brine is commonly 9.62% sodium chloride (NaCl), 0.305% calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.186% magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl26H2O), and 89.89% distilled water; howe
24、ver, synthetic seawater in accordance with ASTM(1)D 11414has been used for special purposes. Traces of oxygen have probably been responsible for many of the inconsistent test results; therefore, the following practices have been used to remove oxygen and prepare the brine for testing. The brine has
25、been sparged with nitrogen (2 L/min). A 30-min sparge has usually been used for 4 L of brine. Catalyzed sodium sulfite (4 mg/L) has been added to scavenge any residual oxygen. For sweet tests (nonsulfide), 4 L of brine have been purged with CO2for about 30 minutes. The pH of this brine generally has
26、 been 4.5 to 4.8. For sour tests (with H2S), a reproducible amount (500 mg/L) of H2S has been generated in situ by adding 1,700 mg/L of acetic acid and 3,530 mg/L of fresh, reagent grade sodium sulfide (Na2S9H2O) to the brine. Higher concentrations of H2S have been obtained by saturating the brine a
27、t a given temperature and pressure, using bottled H2S. Inhibitors have generally been added neat, because the inhibitor concentrations were 1 to 5% based on oil used in the filming portion of the test. For low concentrations of 50 to 100 parts per million (ppm), inhibitors have first been diluted to
28、 1% with kerosene. Xylene has been used if the inhibitor was not soluble or was not readily dispersed in kerosene. Test Specimens There has been a wide variation among various laboratories in the choice of test specimens. Shim stock, 0.13 x 12.7 x 76 mm (0.005 x 0.500 x 3.0 in.), has been used for m
29、ost sour testing, because this material can be readily observed for pitting tendency. Drill rod specimens, 1.5 x 150 mm (0.060 x 6.0 in.), have often been used after sandblasting for sweet and sour tests when pitting has not been of primary concern. Test specimens have been cleaned with benzene, wip
30、ed dry with a clean cloth, and _ (1) ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. NACE International 3 stored in a desiccator until ready for weighing. Fingerprints have been avoided by handling with clean gloves, forceps, or a magnet. Because special surface p
31、reparation of the shim stock, other than degreasing, seemed to make the test specimen surface sufficiently nonreproducible, the shim stock has been used as is. Test Equipment Test containers most often used have been 200-mL beverage bottles with coated or plastic-lined caps. The test fluids have bee
32、n metered into the bottles while the bottles were being purged with nitrogen to prevent oxygen entry. Several methods of avoiding oxygen contamination have been used. One inexpensive method using syringes and a purging manifold is shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1: One method of avoiding oxygen contaminat
33、ion Procedure Generally, the inhibitor to be tested has been added to the bottle first. Then the bottle has been purged of air. First the brine, then the oil, have been metered or measured into the bottle. Then the test specimen has been added and the bottle has been capped and placed on the wheel.
34、Generally, two oil/water ratios and two inhibitor concentrations have been tested in triplicate in order to obtain adequate information for each inhibitor. The oil/water ratios most often chosen have been 50/50 and 10/90 oil-to-water. The inhibitor concentrations based on oil volume have been 1.0 an
35、d 5.0%. The capped bottles have been placed on holders on the wheel and rotated at the desired temperature for one or two hours to enable the test specimens to be “filmed” by the inhibited fluids. The test specimens then have been carefully removed from the bottles, transferred to another bottle of
36、purged fluids, capped, and put back on the wheel to be rotated another hour to rinse off loose inhibitor clinging to the test specimen. The transfer has been easily made with a magnetized bar on a tube string or any magnetized retriever without disturbing the protective film.The rinsed test specimen
37、 has then been transferred to another bottle of purged fluids containing no inhibitor, capped, placed on the wheel, and rotated at temperature for 24 to 72 hours. Some inhibitors have produced sufficient films to enable the filmed test specimen to be transferred into fresh, uninhibited fluids again
38、for a second or third 24-hour period. Blanks with no inhibitor film have usually been transferred daily if extended tests were performed. Blanks have not generally been transferred during the film and rinse transfer steps of the inhibited tests. At the end of the test, the test specimens have been r
39、etrieved from the bottles, rinsed with isopropyl alcohol/xylene to remove oil and inhibitor film, and wiped dry. If a sour environment was used, the sulfide film has been removed by a 10- to 15-second dip in inhibited 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl). A steel wool pad has been used to scrub any remaining
40、 corrosion product from the test specimen. The test specimen has then been rinsed in water and dried by an acetone or alcohol dip. It has then been desiccated and weighed on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.1 mg. Purging manifold made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tees, nipples, and nylon tubi
41、ng connections. Typical bottle-filling outfit NACE International 4 Calculation of Results The mass losses have been calculated and the results of triplicate specimens have been averaged. In the case of a wild result (one that is more than four times the average deviation), it usually has been reject
42、ed and the results of the remaining two specimens have been averaged. The percent protection has then been calculated as shown in Equation (1): % Protection = ()100lossmassblankmglossmassspecimentestmglossmassblankmg(1) Continuous Treatment Simulation of a continuous treatment by a constant concentr
43、ation test has been accomplished by adding 100 ppm of inhibitor based on total fluids to test bottles prepared as blanks. A good inhibitor has given 90% protection. Summary Many variables, such as the effect of oil/water ratios on corrosion rates, the effect of various contaminants in the water, as
44、well as the effect of these variables on inhibition by one or more inhibitors, have been studied using this test method. This basic test method has been used in some high-temperature tests using high-pressure pipe fittings as the test container. It is the general consensus of those who have used thi
45、s test method that oxygen entry while changing test specimens and the effect of trace oxygen in the test has been the reason for poor agreement from one laboratory to another. When sweet tests were performed, occasionally a test bottle turned red and was found to contain iron oxide, showing that oxy
46、gen has not always been excluded. In other variations, the test specimens have been replaced with probes for linear polarization readings. Flow tests have been used for constant concentration tests by recirculating water or water/oil mixtures past test specimens filmed and rinsed outside the system,
47、 after which they were inserted and then monitored by linear polarization or simple resistance determined by IR drop of impressed voltage. The convenience of the wheel test lies largely in the use of a minimal amount of test fluids and in the ability to replace contaminated fluids by successive wash
48、ings. There are no known film-persistent, dynamic laboratory tests that are not variations of this method. A method of portable laboratory testing using side streams of produced fluids has not been reported. References 1. A.C. Nestle, “Simulated Field Usage Testing Organic Inhibitors for Oil and Gas
49、 Wells,” Materials Protection 7, 1 (1968): pp. 31-33. 2. E.D. Junkin Jr., D.R. Fincher, “Oil Field Corrosion Inhibitors Evaluated by Film Persistency Test,” Materials Protection 2, 8 (1963): p. 18. 3. NACE Publication 1D166 (withdrawn), “Cooperative Evaluation of Inhibitor Film Persistency Test” (Houston, TX: NACE). 4. ASTM D 1141 (latest revision), “Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
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