1、SP0169-2007 Standard Practice Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion Service This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or
2、she has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE International standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufactu
3、re, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use
4、 of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE International assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this standa
5、rd by other parties and accepts responsibility for only those official NACE International interpretations issued by NACE International in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers. Users of this NACE International st
6、andard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or env
7、ironmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard.Users of this NACE International standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with
8、appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance wit
9、h NACE technical committee procedures. NACE International requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may rec
10、eive current information on all standards and other NACE International publications by contacting the NACE International FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 281 228-6200). Reaffirmed 2007-08-30 Approved 1998-10-26 NACE International 1440 South Cre
11、ek Drive Houston, Texas 77084-4906 +1 281/228-6200 ISBN 1-57590-070-X 2007, NACE International NACE SP0298-2007 (formerly RP0298-98) Item No. 21085 SP0298-2007 NACE International i _ Foreword Sheet rubber linings are frequently used for the protection of surfaces such as metal, concrete, or fibergla
12、ss against chemical attack, abrasion, or both. Selection of proper lining materials and good lining workmanship are important components of lining performance. The purpose of this standard practice is to outline procedures for providing sheet rubber lining protection to new and used equipment, such
13、as piping and vessels. Included are recommendations for surface preparation and the dimensions of piping that can be rubber lined. An explanation of types of rubber lining materials available and their methods of cure are also given. This standard is useful to the specification writer as well as the
14、 end user. This standard can be used alone or in conjunction with detailed specifications addressing special needs of the end user. This standard was originally prepared in 1998 by NACE International Task Group T-6A-62, a component of Unit Committee T-6A on Coating and Lining Materials for Immersion
15、 Service. It was reaffirmed in 2007 by Specific Technology Group (STG) 03 on Coatings and Linings, ProtectiveImmersion and Buried and is published by NACE under the auspices of STG 03. In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the definitions of these term
16、s in the NACE Publications Style Manual, 4th ed., Paragraph 7.4.1.9. Shall and must are used to state mandatory requirements. The term should is used to state something considered good and is recommended but is not mandatory. The term may is used to state something considered optional. _ SP0298-2007
17、 ii NACE International _ NACE International Standard Practice Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion Service Contents 1. General 1 2. Definitions 1 3. Design of Equipment to Be Lined. 2 4. Types of Rubber 5 5. Properties of Linings 6 6. Application of Linings . 6 7. Vulcanization 11 8. Insp
18、ection and Testing. 13 9. Repairing Rubber Lining 15 10. Storage and Handling of Rubber-Lined Equipment . 16 References 16 Appendix A: Rubber Lining Inspection Worksheet (Nonmandatory) 17 TABLES Table 1: Typical Maximum Lengths for Straight Pipe 3 Table 2: Typical Maximum Dimensions for Bends and El
19、bows. 4 Table 3: Typical Maximum Dimensions for Reducers and Tees . 5 FIGURES Figure 1: Elbow . 3 Figure 2: Reducer . 4 Figure 3: Tee/Nozzle. 4 Figure 4: Butt Joint 8 Figure 5: Lap Joint 8 Figure 6: Slight Overlap 8 Figure 7: Reverse Skive 9 Figure 8: Methods of Rubber Lining Flanges 10 Figure 9: Gr
20、ooved End Pipe with Extra Groove 11 Figure 10: Grooved End Pipe Without Extra Groove for Lining 11 Figure 11: Cap Strip Joint . 14 Figure 12: Sample for Adhesion Testing. 15 _ SP0298-2007 NACE International 1 _ Section 1: General 1.1 This standard provides requirements for sheet rubber lining of var
21、ious equipment for protection against corrosion and abrasion. This standard can be used in design, installation, inspection, testing, and storage of rubber-lined equipment. 1.2 This standard addresses sheet rubber (both natural and synthetic) applied over surfaces such as metal and concrete substrat
22、es. 1.3 Brushed, trowel-applied, or sprayed rubber linings are outside the scope of this standard. _ Section 2: Definitions Adhesion: The bond between a rubber surface and a nonrubber surface (e.g., metal, wood); the strength of the bond between two uncured rubber surfaces or plies. Adhesive: Part o
23、f a cement system applied over prepared surfaces for bonding them to rubber. Autoclave: A heavy steel vessel in which rubber articles are vulcanized by means of steam under pressure. Blister: A cavity within the lining material, between the lining material layers, or between the lining and substrate
24、. Butt joint: A joint made in a rubber part before or after vulcanization by placing the two pieces to be joined edge-to-edge. Calender: A machine equipped with two or more heavy, internally heated or cooled rolls used for the continuous sheeting or “plying up” of rubber compounds. Closed skive: A r
25、everse-angle cut along the edge of a rubber panel. This enables the installer to stitch down the cut edge so that the bottom layer of rubber is protected from exposure to the commodity. Curing: Chemical process of developing the intended properties of a coating or other material (e.g., resin) over a
26、 period of time. For the purposes of this standard, the act of vulcanization; a description of a definite time and temperature of vulcanization. Defect: An abnormal flaw in the lining that prevents it from performing its function. Durometer gauge: Apparatus for determining the hardness of rubber by
27、measuring its resistance to the penetration of a blunt indenter point impressed on the surface by spring action. Durometer hardness: An arbitrary numerical value that measures the resistance to indentation of the blunt indenter point of the durometer. Extruder: A machine for continuous forming of ru
28、bber by forcing through a die. Fisheye: A thin, elongated void in a calendered sheet that is not detrimental to the lining. Laitance: A layer of weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines from aggregates, brought by bleeding water to the top of overwet concrete, the amount of which is
29、generally increased by overworking or overmanipulating concrete at the surface by improper finishing or by job traffic. Lap joint: A joint made by overlapping the edge of one piece of material flat over the edge of another. Overlay: The addition of another layer of lining over an in-place lining con
30、struction before vulcanization. Patch or repair: Remedy of a defect in the lining after vulcanization; involves applying sheet stock to fully cured or vulcanized lining. Pinhole: A small, pore-like defect or leak extending entirely through the lining thickness and appearing as a discontinuity; synon
31、ymous with holiday. Ply: One layer in a laminated structure. Primer: The first coat of an adhesive system applied over a prepared surface for adhesion of rubber. Rubber: Natural rubber or any synthetic, elastomeric material with physical properties similar to those of natural rubber. Skive: A cut ma
32、de on an angle to the surface, producing a tapered or feathered edge. Spark tester: A high-voltage test unit used to detect breaks or holes in a lining. Substrate: The surface on which a lining is applied. SP0298-2007 2 NACE International Surface imperfection: Condition on the surface of rubber that
33、 results in a nonuniform appearance but is not detrimental to the serviceability of the lining. Tie gum: A backing layer of rubber employed to promote bonding of two surfaces; usually a soft rubber compound. Vulcanization: An irreversible process during which a rubber compound achieves its designed
34、properties through a change in its chemical structure. Wrinkle: A crease in the rubber; thickness is reduced in the valleys of the crease. _ Section 3: Design of Equipment to Be Lined 3.1 The basic design of equipment to be lined shall be based on applicable standards for such equipment. The rubber
35、lining shall not be relied upon to provide any structural strength in these designs. 3.2 Tank Design 3.2.1 Tanks and vessels fabricated from steel that are to be rubber lined shall be designed in accordance with NACE SP0178.1This standard provides guidelines for the following. (a) Weld preparation:
36、Designation C is required as a minimum. (b) Weld profile (c) Grinding corners to a radius (d) Weld spatter removal 3.2.2 When designing tanks and vessels that will be rubber lined, additional care shall be taken to prevent built-in voids or air pockets such as those inside pipe and tube sections, in
37、 angles welded back-to-back, and in similar fabrications. Because heat cure is a common method of rubber curing, any air trapped in such voids or pockets expands on heating and may cause blistering in the rubber. Air pockets shall be vented on the outside of the vessel, and these vents shall be plug
38、ged after cure is complete. 3.2.3 This method of test voltage adjustment shall be performed while the exploring electrode and grounding are in the expected operating positions. If the above conditions change, it may be necessary to readjust the test voltage setting. 3.3 Steel Pipe Design 3.3.1 The d
39、esign requirements in NACE SP0178 shall be followed in the fabrication of pipe that is to be rubber lined. Additional requirements are given in Paragraphs 3.3.2 through 3.3.6. 3.3.2 Pipe connections shall be made with flanges or grooved mechanical couplings. If flanged connections are used, flat-fac
40、ed flanges should be used. 3.3.3 The ends of grooved pipe shall be specially machined for rubber lining. Regular grooved pipe may be lined if service is only abrasive and not corrosive. 3.3.4 Use of bolt holes that must be rubber lined shall be avoided. If it becomes necessary to rubber line bolt ho
41、les, the bolt holes shall be oversized to allow for the thickness of the rubber lining. 3.3.5 Plain-end pipe shall have rubber extended over the plain end and carried onto the exterior surface, at least 50 mm (2 in.) over the plain end. 3.3.6 ANSI(1) standard fittings may be rubber lined. If nonstan
42、dard fittings are involved, their suitability for rubber lining shall be checked before use. 3.4 Cast iron and ductile iron pipe work and fittings are suitable for rubber lining. However, these are susceptible to brittleness and porosity, which may present problems during handling and rubber lining
43、installation. 3.5 Straight Pipe: The typical maximum lengths (measured between ends) of straight pipe that can be satisfactorily lined are given in Table 1. _ (1)American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1819 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20036. SP0298-2007 NACE International 3 TABLE 1 Typical Maximu
44、m Lengths for Straight Pipe Pipe Size(A)Pipe Length 51 mm (2.0 in.) 1.8 m (6.0 ft) 76 mm (3.0 in.) 3 m (10 ft) 100 mm (4.0 in.) 6 m (20 ft) 150 mm (6.0 in.) 9 m (30 ft) 200 mm (8.0 in.) 12 m (40 ft) 200 mm ( 8.0 in.) 12 m ( 40 ft) _ (A)All pipe diameters nominal pipe size (NPS) 3.6 Fabricated Pipe S
45、pools with Elbows The typical maximum dimensions of bends and elbows that can be satisfactorily lined are given in Table 2. An example of an elbow is shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1 Elbow SP0298-2007 4 NACE International TABLE 2 Typical Maximum Dimensions for Bends and Elbows Pipe Size(A)A maximum B max
46、imum 76 mm (3 in.) 150 mm (6 in.) 0.3 m (1 ft) 100 mm (4 in.) 250 mm (10 in.) 0.6 m (2 ft) 150 mm (6 in.) 380 mm (15 in.) 1.2 m (4 ft) 200 mm (8 in.) 460 mm (18 in.) 1.8 m (6 ft) 250 mm (10 in.) 530 mm (21 in.) 1.8 m (6 ft) 300 mm (12 in.) 610 mm (24 in.) 1.8 m (6 ft) 360 mm (14 in.) 760 mm (30 in.)
47、 1.8 m (6 ft) 410 mm (16 in.) 1 m (40 in.) 1.8 m (6 ft) 460 mm (18 in.) 1 m (40 in.) 6 m (20 ft) 510 mm ( 20 in.) 1.5 m (60 in.) 12 m ( 40 ft) _ (A)All pipe diameters NPS 3.7 Fabricated Pipe Spools with Reducers, Tees, etc. The typical maximum dimensions of reducers and tees that can be satisfactorily lined are given in Table 3. A 50-mm(2-in.) diameter nozzle is the minimum recommended diameter that may be lined. Larger diameters should be used. Examples of a reducer and tee are shown in Figures 2 and 3. FIGURE 2 Reducer FIGURE 3 Tee/Nozzle SP0298-2007 NACE I
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