NASA-SP-5073-1969 Pavement grooving and traction studies《人行道切槽和牵引研究》.pdf

1、NASA SP-5073 * y i AST eo PAVEMENT GROOVING AND TRACTION STUDIES Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NASA SP-5073 PAVEMENT GROOVING AND TRACTION STUDIES A conference held ut Langley Research Center Wampton, Virginia Novetrrber 18-19, 1968

2、 Technology Vtilizrltion Diuision OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1969 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIQN Vashington, D.C. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitte

3、d without license from IHS-,-,-“ FOREWORD The NASA Langley Research Center has been actively involved in research on crit- ical problems relative to the landing andbrwng of airwaft for a number of years. The results of this research and the available information on incidentg and accidents associ- at

4、ed with aircraft operations on wet runways clearly demonstrated a need for substantial improvements in aircraft braking and steering capabilities through improvements in,the skid resistance of runway pavements. Hence in 1965, based on the pioneering research of the British and on subsequent inchouse

5、 research at the Langley landing-loads track, NASA decided to undertake a comprehensive research program on the effectiveness of runway grooving as a means for increasing tire traction under operational conditions. The program involved many elements, such as construction of a research runway, selec-

6、 tion of test pavements, selection of groove patterns and grooving techniques, control of water levels during testing, selection and operation of test aircraft, and data acquisition. During the planning and execution of this research program, it was clear that the results would be of great interest

7、to all groups associated with aircraft operations, and the Langley Research Center worked closely with these groups in the implementation of the program. The runway, referred to as the landing research runway at NASA Wallops Station, was completed in early 1968 and flight tests were begun. On the ba

8、sis of the results obtained from the flight tests of the first two aircraft (an Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4D and the NASA Convair 990 aircraft) and from the Joint NASA-British Ministry of Technology Skid Correlation Study and in view of the great interest expressed in the available data, NASA de

9、cided to hold a Conference on Pavement Grooving and Traction Studies on November 18 and 19, 1968, at the Langley Research Center to pre- sent the results available at this time. The objective of the conference was to provide an opportunity for all persons working in the area to present and discuss t

10、heir findings and, in many cases, their opin- ions. The 27 papers presented in this publication represent the results of that conference. It should be emphasized that this publication essentially represents a compilation of papers presented by various participating governmental and civil organizatio

11、ns as noted in the table of contents. Only limited editing was performed to provide reasonable consistency in format, with careful attention to assure the preservation of the viewpoints and conclusions of the authors. The reader should observe that the information presented was provided at an early

12、state of development in the technology and that some of the conclusions are subject to change as new and more complete information is generated in the on-going program. iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Nevertheless, the Langley Res

13、earch Center believes the conference provided a meaning- ful and timely evaluation of the state of the art and hopes the reader will find the results useful. The Langley Research Center wishes to express its appreciation to all authors, and to the organizations they represent, for their substantial

14、contributions to this pro- gram and for the timeliness of their responses both to the program activities and to the conference. George W. Brooks, General Chairman Assistant Director, Langley Research Center iv Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from

15、IHS-,-,-CONTENTS FOREWORD . DESCRIPTION OF HYDROPLANING FILMS INTRODUCTORY PAPERS 1. HIGHWAY AND RUNWAY TRACTION STUDIES THE PROBLEM, HISTORY, OBJECTIVES, AND NASA PROGRAM . Walter B. Horne (NASA Langley Research Center) and E. A. Whitehurst (Tennessee Highway Research Program) 2. RUNWAY AND HIGHWAY

16、 TRACTION STUDIES - THE PROBLEM, THE OBJECTIVES, AND THE PROGRAMME IN GREAT BRITAIN PART I - RUNWAY TRACTION STUDIES L. J. W. Hall (Air Registration Board) PART 11 - HIGHWAY TRACTION STUDIES F. T. W. Lander (Road Research Laboratory) . PAVEMENT GROOVING - AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 3. COMPARATIVE BRAKING

17、PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS AIRCRAFT ON GROOVEDANDUNGROOVEDPAVEMENTSATTHE LANDINGRESEARCH Thomas J. Yager (NASA Langley Research Center) RUNWAY, NASA WALLOPS STATION. 4, R.A.E. AIRCRAFT TESTS ON GROOVED, OPEN GRADED AND ASPHALT RUNWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN B. Shilling (Royal Aircraft Establishment) 5. AQUAPL

18、ANING - THE BRITISH MINISTRY OF TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME . J. R. Williams (The College of Aeronautics) 6. CALCULATED AIRPLANE STOPPING DISTANCES BASED ON TEST RESULTS OBTAINED AT THE LANDING RESEARCH RUNWAY, NASA WALLOPS STATION W. Pelham Phillips (NASA Langley Research Center) iii 1 3 19 25 35 67 81 10

19、1 V Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-7. RESEARCH PILOTS OBSERVATIONS OF AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE ON A GROOVED RUNWAY. 115 Fred J. Drinkwater 111 (NASA Ames Research Center), Major Clark Price (George Air Force Base), and James M. Patton, J

20、r. (NASA Langley Research Center) 8. PROBLEM AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE LANDING RESEARCH RUNWAY AT NASA WALLOPS STATION . 123 Curtis R. Allen and James W. Quillen (NASA Wallops Station) Edbin W. Abbott (Air Transport Association of America) 9. COMMERCIAL AIRLINES AND

21、 THE GROOVED RUNWAY CONCEPT 135 10. THE AIRLINE PILOTS LOOK AT RUNWAY GROOVING . 147 Carl F. Eck (Air Line Pilots Association, International) .* 11. GENERAL-AVIATION PILOT REACTIONS TO AND OPINIONS ON GROOVED RUNWAYS 153 George E. Cranston (Flight Safety Foundation) PAVEMENT GROOVING - AIRCRAFT OPER

22、ATIONAL PROBLEMS 12. EFFECT OF GROOVED-RUNWAY OPERATIONS ON AIRCRAFT TIRE WEAR AT BEALE AIR FORCE BASE, CALIFORNIA, 165 Captain David S. McRae (Beale Air Force Base) , la. SOME EXPERIENCE WITH TIRE WEAR AND DAMAGE ON GROOVED RUNWAYS . 185 Robert H. Hout (Hill Air Force Base) f. -. 14. NASA STUDIES O

23、N EFFECT OF GROOVED RUNWAY OPERATIONS ON AIRCRAFT VIBRATIONS AND TIRE WEAR 189 Thomas J. Yager (NASA.Lapgley Research Center) .I 15. A SURVEY OF THE EFFECT OF GROOVED RUNWAY OPERATIONS ON THE WEAR OF COMMERCIAL AIRLINE TIRES 203 James M. Petersen raft Tire C oxpo rati on) , .- 16. WATER DEPTH AND SL

24、USH DRAG INSTRJMENTATION . 213 I Wc W. H. Clarke (Inertia Switch Limited) . j ,. PAVEMENT GROOVING - THE AIRPORT OPERATORS VIEWPOINT 17. PAVEMENT SURFACE TREATMENTS AT AIRPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN. 235 F. R. Martin (Ministry of Public Building and Works) vi Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction

25、or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-18. PAVEMENT GROOVING AT JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT I. J. Dornfeld and James P. Muldoon (Port of New York Authority) 19. REPORT ON GROOVED RUNWAY EXPERIENCE AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL R. C. McGuire (Federal Aviation Administration) AIRPORT

26、. 20. RUNWAY GROOVING AT KANSAS CITY MUNICIPAL AIRPORT . Howard W. Willoughby (Kansas City Municipal Airport) 21. RUNWAY GROOVING PROJECT AT CHICAGO MIDWAY AIRPORT. . Michael J. Berry (Chicago Midway Airport) 22. CIVIL ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF GROOVING. . A. R. Miller (Beale Air Force Base) RESULTS OF

27、 RECENT SKID CORRELATION STUDIES 23. JOINT NASA-BRITISH MIMSTRY OF TECHNOLOGY SKID CORRELATION STUDY - RESULTS FROM AMERICAN VEHICLES Walter B. Horne and John A. Tanner (NASA Langley Research Center) 24. JOINT NASA-BRITISH MINISTRY OF TECHNOLOGY SKID CORRELATION STUDY - RESULTS FROM BRITISH VEHICLES

28、 R. W. Sugg (Ministry of Technology) PAVEMENT GROOVING AND SURFACE TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE TIRE TRACTION ON HIGHWAYS 25. PAVEMENT GROOVING ON HIGHWAYS Eugene E. Farnsworth (California Division of Highways) 26. RESULTS FROM STUDIES OF HIGHWAY GROOVING AND TEXTURING AT NASA WALLOPS STATION . Walter B. H

29、orne (NASA Langley Research Center) 27. RESULTS FROM STUDIES OF HIGHWAY GROOVING AND TEXTURING BY SEVERKL STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS . Larry G. Mosher (Clipper Manufacturing Company) LISTOFATTENDEES . 279 289 301 3 09 3 13 325 361 411 425 465 505 vii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or ne

30、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-DESCRIPTION OF HYDROPLANING FILMS The Langley Research Center has prepared three motion-picture films pertaining to hydroplaning which are available on loan or may be purchased for the cost of reproduc- tion. These films are described as follows: I. HA

31、ZARDS OF TIRE HYDROPLANING TO AIRCRAFT OPERATION Film serial L-775 The film (16 mm, 15 min, color, sound) is based on tire studies at the NASA Langley Research Center and draws attention to the potentially dan- gerous phenomenon of tire hydroplaning on wet runways. 11. AUTOMOBILE TIRE HYDROPLANING -

32、 WHAT HAPPENS: Film serial L-944 The film (16 mm, 12 min, color, sound) was prepared to point out and to alert the public to the dangerous hazards of tire hydroplaning on the highways. III. HAZARDS OF TIRE HYDROPLANING - A SEQUEL Film serial L-957 ) 1 The film 16 mm, 14- min, color, sound describes

33、the loss of tire ( 2 traction from dynamic hydroplaning and viscous and reverted rubber skidding. Tests using air jets and grooved pavements for the reduction of skidding are shown and the effectiveness of these techniques is described. Requests for loan copies of these films should be addressed to:

34、 Techno logy Utilization Off ice NASA Langley Research Center Langley Station Hampton, Virginia 23365 Copies of films I and IJI (L-775 and L-957) may be purchased for $61.69 (f.0.b. Washington) from Byron Motion Pictures, Inc. 65 K Street N.E. Washington, D. 6. 20002 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleN

35、o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copies of film I1 (L-944) may be purchased for approximately $42 from Mr. J. J. Saunders Motion Picture Service US. Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C. 20250 2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permi

36、tted without license from IHS-,-,-1. HIGHWAY AND RUNWAY TRACTION STUDIES - THE PROBLEM, HISTORY, OBJECTIVES, AND NASA PROGRAM By Walter B. Horne NASA Langley Research Center and E. A. Whitehurst Tennessee Highway Research Program SUMMARY The problem toward which most traction research is directed is

37、 to describe quanti- tatively by theory and experiment the major causes of pavement slipperiness in terms of pavement, vehicle, tire, operator, and atmospheric or precipitation parameters. Scien- tific research on the phenomenon of pavement slipperiness has been underway since the early 1920s. Some

38、of the milestones achieved in highway and runway traction research in the United States are summarized in the following listing. Highway research: (1) Research at Iowa State College (1920-1934) (2) First International Skid Prevention Conference (19 58) (3) Establishment of Committee E-17 by American

39、 Society for Testing and Materials (19 59) (4) Tappahannock skid correlation study (1962) (5) Florida skid correlation study (1967) Runway research: (1) Operation of Langley landing-loads track (1954) (2) Initial hydroplaning studies (1956) (3) FAA-NASA slush drag studies (1961) (4) Completion of la

40、nding research runway at NASA Wallops Station (1967) INTRODUCTION Everyone knows that pavements tend to become slippery to both pedestrikns and vehicles when they are wet or flooded or are covered with slush, snow, or ice; however, no bne yet has a complete understanding of the physical effects caus

41、ing this slipperiness, 3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-which in turn can cause accidents. For this reason, papers on pavement traction have been produced in the United States since the late 19th century. The problem toward which mos

42、t traction research is directed is to describe quanti- tatively by theory and experiment the major causes of pavement slipperiness in terms of pavement, vehicle, tire, operator, and atmospheric or precipitation parameters. In simple terms, the objectives of this research are to define these paramete

43、rs in practical terms and then find means to control the primary parameters which cause or contribute to slipperiness. HIGHWAY RESEARCH Although published reports dealing with the phenomenon of pavement slipperiness may be found at least as early as the late 19th century (ref. l), scientific or quan

44、titative research of the phenomenon had its origin with Agg (ref. 2) in the early 1920s. Aggs investigations were continued by Moyer (ref. 3). Other agencies and individuals slowly became interested in this research area, but developments in the field were very limited until the late 1940s. In the l

45、ate 1940s and early 1950 a considerable surge of interest in pavement slipperiness occurred, sparked primarily by studies performed by Moyer in California (ref. 4), Shelburne and Sheppe in Virginia (ref. 5), Whitehurst and Goodwin in Tennessee (ref. 6), and Normann of the Bureau of Public Roads (ref

46、. 7). Perhaps the greatest impetus to progress in the field was achieved when the late Tilton E. Shelburne, Director of Research of the Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research, called the First International Skid Prevention Conference in Charlottesville, Virginia, for September 1958.

47、Two weeks prior to that conference, a correlation study was conducted in Virginia in an effort to determine whether test equipment then available and in use at a variety of agencies did, indeed, correlate. The test equipment included such devices as skid trailers, stopping-distance cars, and small n

48、onvehicular portable test apparatus from both the United States and abroad. Results of this correlation study presented at the international conference (ref, 8) indicated that all the available equipment agreed in the relative slipperiness ratings of the pavement surfaces. However, rather wide differences in the measured absolute value of friction coefficient existed between the different test devices, and the correlation of friction values was therefore poor. The Board of Directors of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) approved the est