[考研类试卷]2011年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

1、2011 年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案与解析一、阅读理解0 1. As the U. S. economy tries to fight off a recession, has it found a way to avoid a knockout? So far, strength in many service industries is delivering a powerful counterpunch to hits from homebuilding, autos, and other goods-producing businesses. Despite

2、the economys tepid 0.6% growth rate last quarter, its service sector advanced a sturdy 3.5%. Consumer spending on goods plunged 2. 6% , but outlays for housing, medical care, and other services rose 3. 4%. Heading into the second quarter, while overall April payrolls shrunk by 20, 000 jobs, services

3、 added 90, 000. And in contrast to the weakness in manufacturing, the Institute for Supply Management says April service-sector activity continued to grow.2. Theres no denying the sectors increasing impact on economic trends. Services make up almost 60% of gross domestic product, up from 55% a decad

4、e ago and 52% the decade before that. However, despite that growing influence, the more important engines of the business cycle have always been the goods-producing sector and construction, and they are taking an unusually heavy pounding.3. This sharp divergence reflects the unique set of forces aff

5、ecting the economy, especially consumers. The mix of tighter credit, the double hit to buying power from fewer jobs and higher prices for energy and food, and shrinking household wealth are killing demand for big-ticket consumer goods such as homes, cars, and other discretionary purchases.4. Even as

6、 credit is drying up, jobs and incomes are shrinking. Since payrolls peaked in December, service employment through April is up 98, 000, but goods-producing jobs have plunged 358, 000. Overall, more people are having trouble finding full-time work. This years rise in the number of people forced to w

7、ork part-time is the fastest since the 2001 recession. Total hours worked began the second quarter well below their first-quarter level, and with hourly pay slowing, income growth, almost all of which has been eaten up by inflation over the past year, began the quarter on a weak note.5. So far, desp

8、ite consumers weaker incomes, their savings rate remains close to the near-zero level of the past two years, implying they are spending about the same proportion of their earnings. That means factors other than income have not yet had a negative impact on spending, but that trend will be put to the

9、test this quarter.6. As household wealth, which had helped to make up for low savings, falls, along with credit availability and consumer confidence, consumers may soon be forced to save more of their incomes. Theres a good chance the tax rebates will be either squirreled away or used to pay down cr

10、edit cards. A shift to greater saving would tend to hit outlays for both goods and services.7. On balance, recession forces appear to be getting stronger this quarter, not weaker. That will put even more pressure on the goods sector. And while the service sectors resilience may help to keep the rece

11、ssion mild, it wont necessarily be able to prevent one.1 The best title for the passage is_.（A）Its Services vs. Recession（B） Dropping Demand for Goods（C） Recession Is Haunting（D）Declining Incomes2 The closest word for the underlined word in Paragraph 3 “discretionary“ is_.（A）prudent（B） luxurious（C）

12、available（D）extravagant3 Paragraphs 4-7 mainly talk about_.（A）Disappointing Services（B） Dropping Demand for Goods（C） Dwindling Incomes（D）Declining Taxes4 The “sector“ in Paragraph 2 refers to_ .（A）Agriculture（B） Service（C） Heavy industry（D）Light industry5 Tax rebates will_.（A）kill demand for big-tic

13、ket consumer goods（B） reflect higher credit scores（C） be used to pay down credit cards（D）None of the above5 A. Many economists look at Japan and remain cautious. The economy is growing and the stock market is up, but in the last decade there have been many such false starts. More important, Japans r

14、eformist prime minister has not tackled the big economic problems the country faceswriting off bad loans, reforming the tax code and finding the right economic stimulus. In short, there has been no economic revolution. But in the last month Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi has launched something mor

15、e importanta political revolution.B. Japans basic problem is not economic. Some have wondered why a country filled with talented people has been so stubbornly unwilling or unable to reverse its economic declinethe longest any industrialized country has had in history. The reason is politics. The rul

16、ing Liberal Democratic Party has been dominated by leaders who draw their support from key constituents construction workers, rice farmers, government employees. For these groups, the past 10 years have looked pretty good. The government has shoveled money at them, bankrupting the Treasury, retardin

17、g growth, but keeping them happy.C. To give some sense of the scale of the problem, the writer Alex Kerr points out that between 1995 and 2005, Japan will spend about $6. 2 trillion on public works. “Thats three to four times more than what the United States, with 20 times the land area and more tha

18、n double the population, will spend on public construction in the same period, “ he notes. Other favored groups get similar treatment. The ruling partys powerful factions, allied with a corrupt bureaucracy, have created a system to maintain their power. You have to break it before any reform is poss

19、ible.D. In the past few weeks Koizumi has declared war on the LDPs old guard. He won his election within the party, then reshuffled his cabinet and, for the first time in Japans modern history, did not fill it with representatives of the various factions. He has begun tackling construction spending

20、and the postal services because they are at the heart of the LDPs vote-producing and money-getting machine.E. As a symbolic victory, none is greater than Koizumis sidelining of Hiromu Nonaka, the last of the great LDP kingmakers, who exercised power mafia-style, using blackmail, money and threats. O

21、n announcing that he was retiring from politics, Nonaka launched a bitter(and for Japan highly unusual)attack on the prime minister, saying, “Ill devote the rest of my political life to fight the biggest battle yet against the Koizumi administration. “ Other old-line LDP members have made similar st

22、atements. It suggests that Koizumi is finally hitting them where it hurts.F. Beyond economics, one is beginning to see a more active Japan. The rise of China, 9/11 and the North Korean crisis have all forced Japanese politicians to recognize that their country cannot remain a sleeping giant. They ar

23、e beginning to speak about playing a larger international role, about revising Japans Constitution to provide for a normal defense force. Some are even broaching the topic of a nuclear deterrent. Words are being matched by deeds. Japan sent a naval flotilla to the Indian Ocean during the Iraq war. I

24、t will likely send noncombat forces to Iraq. Washington has welcomed this new stance. A White House official told me, “From Iraq to North Korea, one sees a much more assertive Japanese foreign policy. Were comfortable with this. Japan is a democratic country and a responsible ally. “ Questions 6-10I

25、n Paragraphs A, B, D, E, and F, there are Five problems stated. These problems, numbered as questions 6 -10, are listed below. Each of these problems has a cause, listed A - G. Identify the correct cause for each of the problems and write the corresponding letter A - G on the Answer Sheet.NB There a

26、re more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you may use any cause more than once. ProblemsExample: little attention to Japan coming back Answer: DAnswers:CausesA. The LDP gurus are sidelined.B. The economy has experienced false starts.C. The government does not want to offend vo

27、ters.D. The world is busy with the situation in Iraq.E. The construction spending is at the heart of the LDPs vote-producing and money-getting machine.F. The economy is deteriorating.G. Japan should boost its international image.6 Economists make cautious statements about Japan. _7 The economic refo

28、rm was slow to come. _8 Koizumi has begun tackling construction spending. _9 Old guards of LDP felt irritated. _10 Japanese soldiers were sent to warring zones. _二、选词填空10 Choose the correct headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet(15 poi

29、nts).List of Headings i. The initial intended function of the patent system ii. Methods of solving the problems facing the patent systemiii. Reasons why the patent offices all over the world are in a problematic situation iv. Problems of the patent system in several countries and regions V. The need

30、 for patent applications to be public and the work for patent offices to do Vi. The problem of the European patent systemVii. How the patent offices have turned away from the original principles viii. The need for patent offices worldwide to unite in granting patents ix. The future of the patent sys

31、temExample Answer Paragraph A iiiA Patents, said Thomas Jefferson, should draw “a line between the things which are worth to the public the embarrassment of an exclusive patent, and those which are not. “ As the value that society places on intellectual property has increased, that line has become g

32、loomierand the cause of some embarrassment, too. Around the world, patent offices are being inundated with applications. In many cases, this represents the extraordinary inventiveness that is occurring in new fields such as the Internet, genomics and nanotechnology. But another, less-acceptable reas

33、on for the flood is that patent offices have been too lax in granting patents, encouraging many firms to rush to patent as many, often dubious, ideas as possible in an effort to erect legal obstacles to competitors. The result has been a series of messy and expensive court battles, and growing doubt

34、s about the effectiveness of patent systems as a spur to innovation, just as their importance should be getting bigger. B In 1998 America introduced so-called “business-method“ patents, granting for the first time patent monopolies simply for new ways of doing business, many of which were not so new

35、. This was a mistake. It not only ushered in a wave of new applications, but it is probably inhibiting, rather than encouraging, commercial innovation, which had never received, or needed, legal protection in the past. Europe has not, so far, made the same blunder, but the European Parliament is con

36、sidering the easing of rules for innovations incorporated in software. This might have a similarly deleterious effect as business-method patents, because many of these have been simply the application of computers to long-established practices. In Japan, firms are winning large numbers of patents wi

37、th extremely narrow claims, mostly to obfuscate what is new and so to ward off rivals. As more innovation happens in China and India, these problems are likely to spread there as well.C There is an urgent need for patent offices to return to first principles. A patent is a government-granted tempora

38、ry monopoly(patents in most countries are given about 20 years protection)intended to reward innovators in exchange for a disclosure by the patent holder of how his invention works, thereby encouraging others to further innovation. The qualifying tests for patents are straightforward that an idea be

39、 useful, novel and not obvious.D Unfortunately most patent offices, swamped by applications that can run to thousands of pages and confronted by companies wielding teams of lawyers, are no longer applying these tests strictly or reliable. For example, in America, many experts believe that dubious pa

40、tents abound, such as the notorious one for a “ sealed crustless sandwich. “ Of the few patents that are re-examined by the Patent and Trademark Office itself, often after complaints from others, most are invalidated or their claims clipped down. The number of duplicate claims among patents is far t

41、oo high. What happens in America matters globally, since it is the worlds leading patent office, approving about 170, 000 patents each year, half of which are granted to foreign applicants.E Europes patent system is also in a mess in another regard: the quilt of national patent offices and languages

42、 means that the cost of obtaining a patent for the entire European Union is too high, a burden in particular on smaller firms and individual inventors. The European Patent Office may award a patent, but the patent holder must then file certified translations at national patent offices to receive pro

43、tection. Negotiations to simplify this have gone on for over a decade without success. F As a start, patent applications should be made public. In most countries they are, but in America this is the case only under certain circumstances, and after 18 months. More openness would encourage rivals to o

44、ffer the overworked patent office evidence with which to judge whether an application is truly novel and non-obvious. Patent offices also need to collect and publish data about what happens once patents are grantedthe rate at which they are challenged and how many are struck down. This would help to

45、 measure the quality of the patent system itself, and offer some way of evaluating whether it is working to promote innovation, or to impede it.11 Paragraph B_12 Paragraph C_13 Paragraph D_14 Paragraph E_15 Paragraph F_15 As Wall Streets giants take massive write-downs, fears are growing about the i

46、mpact on technology budgets. The troubles in the finance sector going to hit tech? Since technology companies rely heavily on Wall Street, its been a growing question as financial giants have taken one massive hit after another.【K1】_On Nov. 7, Cisco reported fiscal first-quarter earnings and CEO Joh

47、n Chambers disappointed investors with a softer-than-expected outlook for the rest of the year, in large part because of the financial sector. “ In the U.S. and the enterprisemarkets, we did see some softness, “ Chambers said. “The finance vertical was the one hardest hit.If the trouble on Wall Stre

48、et continues or worsens, the consequences for tech could be severe because financial services companies are far and away the most ravenous consumers of tech in the U. S. 【K2】_“We think that information-technology spending could slow down quite a bit in the next 12 months, based on whats happened in

49、the last month, “ says Stephen Minton, vice-president for worldwide IT markets research at tech researcher IDC.The reason? The sheer size of Wall Streets tech budgets. 【K3 】_Over the years, banks and investment firms have come to represent an ever-increasing proportion of total tech demand, as they developed ever-more-complicated financial products and trading strategies that required faster computers, more number-crunching software, and more efficient networ