[考研类试卷]2015年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

1、2015 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Though not biologically related, friends are as “related“ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is【B1】_1 a study, pu

2、blished from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has【B2】_The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted【B3】_1, 932 unique subjects which【B4】_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both【B5 】_

3、While 1 % may seem【B6】_, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says,“Most people do not even【B7】_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who【B8】_our kin.“The study【B9】_found that the genes for smell were somethin

4、g shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 【B10】_, as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more【B11】_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that【B12】_us in choosing genetically

5、 similar friends【B13】_“functional kinship“ of being friends with 【B14】_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 【B15】_than other genes. Studying this could help【B16 】_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment

6、being a major【 B17】_factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples【B18】_to befriend those of similar【B19】_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to【B20】_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from

7、 the same population.1 【B1 】（A）when（B） why（C） how（D）what2 【B2 】（A）defended（B） concluded（C） withdrawn（D）advised3 【B3 】（A）for（B） with（C） on（D）by4 【B4 】（A）compared（B） sought（C） separated（D）connected5 【B5 】（A）tests（B） objects（C） samples（D）examples6 【B6 】（A）insignificant（B） unexpected（C） unreliable（D）inc

8、redible7 【B7 】（A）visit（B） miss（C） seek（D）know8 【B8 】（A）resemble（B） influence（C） favor（D）surpass9 【B9 】（A）again（B） also（C） instead（D）thus10 【B10 】（A）Meanwhile（B） Furthermore（C） Likewise（D）Perhaps 11 【B11 】（A）about（B） to（C） from（D）like12 【B12 】（A）drive（B） observe（C） confuse（D）limit13 【B13 】（A）accordin

9、g to（B） rather than（C） regardless of（D）along with14 【B14 】（A）chances（B） responses（C） missions（D）benefits15 【B15 】（A）later（B） slower（C） faster（D）earlier16 【B16 】（A）forecast（B） remember（C） understand（D）express17 【B17 】（A）unpredictable（B） contributory（C） controllable（D）disruptive18 【B18 】（A）endeavor（B）

10、 decision（C） arrangement（D）tendency19 【B19 】（A）political（B） religious（C） ethnic（D）economic20 【B20 】（A）see（B） show（C） prove（D）tellPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “king

11、s dont abdicate, they die in their sleep.“ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the

12、 wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere“ politics and “embo

13、dy“ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs, continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike

14、 their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, th

15、eir very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families sh

16、ould still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international l%

17、,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys r

18、eputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controve

19、rsial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21 According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain（A）used to enjoy high public support.（B） was unpopular among European roya

20、ls.（C） eased his relationship with his rivals.（D）ended his reign in embarrassment. 22 Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly（A）owing to their undoubted and respectable status.（B） to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.（C） to give voters more public figures to look up to.（D）

21、due to their everlasting political embodiment.23 Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?（A）Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.（B） The role of the nobility in modem democracies.（C） The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.（D）The nobilitys adherenc

22、e to their privileges.24 The British royals “have most to fear“ because Charles（A）takes a tough line on political issues.（B） fails to change his lifestyle as advised.（C） takes republicans as his potential allies.（D）fails to adapt himself to his future role.25 Which of the following is the best title

23、 of the text?（A）Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined（B） Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne（C） Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs（D）Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats25 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether p

24、olice can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspect

25、s at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discemable,even obvious, so that the justices can and sho

26、uld provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, going through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont viola

27、te the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent c

28、orrespondence. The development of “cloud computing,“ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to e

29、xpect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case,stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search t

30、hrough phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to c

31、ite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital inf

32、ormation in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26 The Supre

33、me Court will work out whether, during ah arrest, it is legitimate to（A）prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.（B） search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.（C） check suspects phone contents without being authorized.（D）prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27 The au

34、thors attitude toward Californias argument is one of（A）disapproval.（B） indifference.（C） tolerance.（D）cautiousness.28 The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to（A）getting into ones residence.（B） handling ones historical records.（C） scanning ones correspondences.（D）going t

35、hrough ones wallet.29 In Paragraphs 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that（A）principles are hard to be clearly expressed.（B） the court is giving police less room for action.（C） citizens privacy is not effectively protected.（D）phones are used to store sensitive information. 30 Orin Kerrs compariso

36、n is quoted to indicate that（A）the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.（B） new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.（C） Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.（D）principles of the Constitution should never be altered.30 The journal Science is adding

37、an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research fi

38、ndings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,“ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional

39、 scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the sta

40、tistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.“Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a m

41、ember of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.“ He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science

42、itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.“John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward“ and “long overdue.“ “Most journals are weak in statistical review

43、, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is more essential than expert review,“ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Associat

44、ion and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux,a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012,

45、but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.“ Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify t

46、he papers that need scrutiny in the first place.“31 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that（A）Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.（B） journals are strengthening their statistical checks.（C） few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.（D）lack of data analysis is common in re

47、search projects.32 The phrase “flagged up“(Para. 2)is the closest in meaning to（A）found.（B） marked.（C） revised.（D）stored.33 Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may（A）pose a threat to all its peers.（B） meet with strong opposition.（C） increase Sciences circulation.（D）set a

48、n example for other journals.34 David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now（A）adds to researchers workload.（B） diminishes the role of reviewers.（C） has room for further improvement.（D）is to fail in the foreseeable future. 35 Which of the following is the best title of the text?（A）Science Joins P

49、ush to Screen Statistics in Papers（B） Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect（C） Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks（D）Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science35 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.“ Integrity had collapsed, she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism“ in society should be pr