[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编4及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 4 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成2004 年英译汉及详解The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】The Greeks assumed that the structure of la

2、nguage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward S

3、apir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languag

4、es. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic“ language, were not always so grateful.【F3 】The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that

5、some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapirs pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of America

6、n Indian languages.【F4】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given langua

7、ge, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for

8、 the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】

9、4 【F4】5 【F5】5 人类学研究2003 年英译汉及详解Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.【F1】Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting al

10、l other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves

11、and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology“ derives from the Greek words anthropos “human“ and logos “the study of“. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.【F2】Social science is that branch of intellectua

12、l enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of t

13、hese social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.【F3】The emphasis on data gat

14、hered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of cult

15、ure was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.【F4 】 Tylor defined culture as “. that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society“. This insight, so profound in its simplicity,

16、 opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.【F5】Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture“, like the concept of “set“ in mathematics, is an abstract concept whi

17、ch makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 历史研究的方法论1999 年英译汉及详解【F1】While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate

18、and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The iron

19、y of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.【F2】Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among

20、 historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapte

21、d to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.【 F3】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolo

22、gy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.【 F4】There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially tho

23、se so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the“technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.

24、【F5】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 智力测验的初衷及价值1992 年英译汉及详解Intelligence at best is an assumpt

25、ive constructthe meaning of the word has never been clear.【F1 】There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distincti

26、ons, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical enduranc

27、e, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes.【F2】To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of

28、any subject is essentially a comparative affair.【F3】Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid“ or “fair“ comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any

29、test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.【F4】The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made

30、. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child g

31、ets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence“.【F5】On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confid

32、ence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 如何充分利用上大学的时间1986 年英译汉及详解It would be inter

33、esting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.【F1】If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abiliti

34、es.【F2 】If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.【F3】Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent ass

35、essment of the work he is asked to do.【F4】Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders“ with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that i

36、n later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadnt taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldnt have ended up as an interpreter, but its too late now. I couldnt go back and begin all over again.“【F5】There is, of course, another side to the questio

37、n of how to make the best use of ones time at university.【F6】This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.【F7 】He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Deg

38、ree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.【F8】It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that w

39、e are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】26 【F6】27 【F

40、7】28 【F8】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 4 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言可能千差万别以前就在欧洲扎了根。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和时间状语从句。 本句主干为 The Greeks assumed，that 引导宾语从句，作 assumed 的宾语；whi

41、ch 引导定语从句，修饰前面 assumed从句。定语从句中 long before people realized为时间状语，修饰 took root inEurope，how diverse languages could be 作 realized 的宾语。定语从句中 long before时间状语在翻译时要根据汉语习惯置于谓语前。which 定语从句修饰的是前面的从句，因此需增译“这种观点”。 2 【正确答案】 我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：时间状语从句和原

42、因状语从句。 本句主干为We are obliged to them，because为原因状语从句，里面嵌套了一个 as 引导的时间状语从句，修饰 vanished；who spoke them 作定语修饰 peoples。as 引导时间状语从句意为“随着，当的时候”，翻译时候根据汉语表达习惯应置于谓语前，即 as，some of these languages have sincevanished。因为本句中有原因状语从句，因此增译“之所以”，构成“之所以，是因为”的表达。 3 【正确答案】 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责

43、 Boas 和 Sapir 编造了他们的资料。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：“SOthat”句型和动词的固定搭配。 本句使用了 sothat句型，主干为 The newly described languages were often so strikingly differentthat。From the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 为介词结构作状语，that somescholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data 为结果状语从句，of

44、fabricating their data 作 Boas and Sapir 的宾补。 4 【正确答案】 由于对语言与思维的关系感兴趣，沃尔夫逐渐形成了这样的观点，即在一个社会中语言结构决定习惯性思维的结构。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：状语从句和同位语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf developed the idea，that 引导同位语从句，作 idea 的同位语。Being interestedin为分词短语作原因状语。 being interested in 作原因状语，可增译“由于”，使译文逻辑关系明确。同位语从句由于较长，可以单独翻译，增译 “即”，说明本位语 idea 的内

45、容。三个 of 介词结构作后置定语，均较短，可译为前置定语“的”。 5 【正确答案】 沃尔夫逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点，这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和宾语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism，which 引导定语从句修饰linguistic determinism。定语从句主干为 which states thatand that，两个 that分别引导宾语从句，作 states 的宾语；in i

46、ts strongest form 为插入语，将主语which 与谓语 states 隔开。which 引导的定语从句较长，需要单独翻译，再重复先行词。定语从句里面嵌套的宾语从句较长，可以单独翻译，并在谓语动词states 后面加冒号，表明宾语的内容。 in its strongest form 作时间状语，意为“在(语言决定论) 最极端的时候”，可与 states 放在一起转译为“(语言决定论)的极端说法是”。imprison 意为“关押，监禁”，这里引申为 “束缚、禁锢”，the mind与 thought 类似，可译为“思维”。 6 【正确答案】 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从

47、而使所有其他形态的生命都服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和非谓语动词。 此句的结构为：主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modifythussubjectingthe environment in which they live 是定语从句。该句中 modify the environment in whichthey live 应译作 “改变他们的生存环境”；subjecting all other life forms to 译为“让所有其他形态的生命服从”。 7 【正确答案】 社会科学是知识探索的

48、一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句。 本句的主语是 Social science，句子则是主系表的结构，表语是 branch。which 引导的定语从句修饰的是intellectual enquiry。在定语从句中，又嵌套着一个定语从句，manner 后的 that引导的从句修饰了 manner。因为 manner 同时连结了上下文，所以在翻译时为了句子的完整性，可以用增译的方式，用“像那些自然科学家一样”这样的句子，将前后文连接起来。 8 【正确答案】 强调搜集第一手资料，加上以跨文化的

49、视角对过去和现在的文化形态进行分析，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：过去分词作后置定语和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis ， combined with，makes this study aunique and distinctly important social science 主语后面带有 on data gathered first-hand 是主语的定语，combined with“加上”相当于 and 的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective 可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present 是 perspective 的定语。其中 past and present 是cultures 的定语。 9 【正确答案】 泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他的能力和习惯。”【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是：Tylor defined cuhure as“that