[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷14及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 14 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldnt think so if only you could hear what the average man thinks of the average woman. Women won

2、their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but

3、it is through no means over.【F2】It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile, even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, youd think that women belonged to a different sp

4、ecies!On the surface, the comments made through men about womens abilities seem light-hearted. The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in and day out. This apparent light hearted ness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women. However much men sneer at women, their

5、 claims to superiority are not borne out through statistics. Lets consider the matter of driving, for instance. We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men. They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs. But this is a minor quibble. Women have succeeded in any job yo

6、u care to name.【F3】As politicians, soldiers, doctors, factory hands, university professors, farmers, company directors, lawyers, bus-conductors, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields

7、in addition to bearing and rearing children.Yet men go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women can not do.【F4】Top level political negotiation between countries, business and banking are almost entirely controlled through men, who jealously guard their so-called “rights“. Even in ot

8、herwise enlightened places like Switzerland women haven teven been given the vote. This situation is preposterous!The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex. They shun real competition. They know in their hearts that women are superior and they are afra

9、id of being beaten at their own game. One of the most important tasks in the world is to achieve peace between the nations.【F5 】You can be sure that if only women were allowed to sit round the conference table, they would succeed brilliantly, as they always do, where men have failed for centuries.1

10、【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the debilitating effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness.【F1】The poor are subject to t

11、heir social situation instead of being able to affect it through action, that is, through behavior that flows from an individuals decisions and plans. In other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have desc

12、ribed the psychological consequences of powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationships. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the estab

13、lished centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the sol

14、ution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.In order to reduce povertyrelated psychological and social problems in the United States, the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of pove

15、rty in such fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: First, the poor should se

16、e themselves as the source of the action.【F2】Second, the action should effect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor; the action should demand much in effect or skill.【F3】Third, the action should be successful and the successful self-originated important act

17、ion should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor.【F4】The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to

18、create powerful, independent, democratic organizations of the poor.【F5】Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportunities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】It is the worlds fourth

19、-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice, which provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato.The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awa

20、reness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to alleviate poverty, improve food security and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that.【F2】But the potatos unusual history means it

21、is well worth celebrating by readers of The Economist because the potato is intertwined with economic development, trade liberalisation and globalisation.Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century. It pr

22、ovided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialised in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south(where the soil was more suitable)concentrated on whe

23、at production.【F3】By a happy accident, this concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its “historically r

24、evolutionary role“.The potato promoted free trade by contributing to the abolition of Britains Corn Lawsthe cause which prompted the founding of The Economist in 1843. The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into the United Kingdom in order to protect domestic wheat producers.【F4】Landowners suppor

25、ted the laws, since cheap imported grain would reduce their income, but industrialists opposed them because imports would drive down the cost of food, allowing people to spend more on manufactured goods. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abo

26、litionand more s the pity. It was the tragedy of the Irish potato famine of 1845, in which 1 million Irish perished when the potato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight.【F5 】The need to import grain to relieve the situation in Ireland forced the government, which was dominated by landown

27、ers who backed the Corn Laws, to reverse its position. This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas, and free trade became British policy. As the Duke of Wellington complained at the time, “rotten potatoes have done it all.“11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Economics, as we know it, is t

28、he social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.【F1】Other fields of study als

29、o contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.Standard economics can be divided into two major fields.【F2】The first, price theory or microeconomic

30、s, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as pos

31、sible. As e-conomists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of

32、Employment, Interest, and Money(1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments.【F3】Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total deman

33、d increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.Economic issues have occupied peoples minds throughout the ages.【F4】Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, proper

34、ty, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade.【F5】During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in th

35、e law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(1

36、776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 【F1】A leaked study examining genetically-modified corn reveals that the lab-made alternat

37、ive to organic crops contains a startling level of toxic chemicals.【F2】An anti-GMO website has posted the results of an education-based consulting companys comparison of corn types, and the results reveal that genetically modified foods may be more hazardous than once thought.The study, the 2012 Cor

38、n Comparison Report by Profit Pro, was published recently on the website for Moms Across America March to Label GMOs, a group that says they wish to “raise awareness and support Moms with solutions to eat GMO Free as we demand GMO labeling locally and nationally simultaneously.“ They are plotting na

39、tionwide protests scheduled for later this year.The report, writes the websites Zen Honeycutt, was provided by a representative for De Dell Seed Company, an Ontario-based farm thats touted as being Canadian only non-GMO corn seed company. “The claims that There is no difference between GMO corn and

40、NON Gmo corn are false,“ says Honeycutt, who adds she was “floored“ after reading the study. According to the analysis, GMO corn tested by Profit Pro contains a number of elements absent from traditional corn, including chlorides, formaldehyde and glyphosate.【 F3】While those elements dont appear nat

41、urally in corn, they were present in GMO samples to the tune of 60 ppm, 200 ppm and 13 ppm, respectively.Honecutt says that the United States Environmental Protection Agency(FDA)mandates that the level of glyphosate in American drinking water not exceed 0.7 ppm and adds that organ damage in some ani

42、mals has been linked to glyphosate exposure exceeding 0.1 ppm. “Glyphosate is a strong organic phosphate chelator that immobilizes positively charged minerals such as manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc and copper.“【F4 】Dr. Don Huber attested during a separate GMO study recently released, adding that thos

43、e elements “are essential for normal physiological functions in soils, plants and animals“. “Glyphosate draws out the vital nutrients of living things and GMO corn is covered with it.“ adds Honeycutt, who notes that the nutritional benefits rampant in natural corn are almost entirely removed from la

44、b-made seeds:【F5】in the samples used during the study, non-GMO corn is alleged to have 437-times the amount of calcium in genetically modified versions, and 56-and 7-times the level of magnesium and manganese, respectively.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 The old adage of the title has a parall

45、el in the scientific world “all research leads to biomedical advances“. The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not, however, so clear to the public or to public policy-makers.【 F1】Because public support for funding of bio

46、medical research is strong, the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine.The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation sur

47、vey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition, public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems.【F2】Instead of lamenting; the lack of public understanding of science, we can work to enhance public appreciation

48、of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public, in easily understood terms, the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science.【F3】Take, for e

49、xample, agricultural research. On the surface, it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances, except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect, however. In the case of nutrition, the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries.【F4 】At the turn of the century, when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist, it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins w