[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷36及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 36 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 At the moment, there are two reliable ways to make electricity from sunlight.【F1】You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by libe

2、rating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the suns rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to drive a generator.Both work. But both are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston Col

3、lege therefore propose, in a paper in Nature Materials, an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect might be used insteadand they have built a prototype to show that the idea is practical.In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelec

4、tric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric material which conducts heat badly(so that different parts remain at different temperatures)but electricity well.【F2】The third is to b

5、e certain that the temperature gradient which that badly conducting material creates is not frittered away by poor design.The two researchers overcame these challenges through clever engineering. The first they dealt with by coating the top of the device with oxides of hafnium, molybdenum and titani

6、um, in layers about 100 nanometres thick.【F3】These layers acted like the anti-reflective coatings on spectacle lenses and caused almost all the sunlight falling on the device to be absorbed.The second desideratum, of low thermal and high electrical conductivity, was achieved by dividing the bismuth

7、telluride into pellets a few nanometres across.【F4 】That does not affect their electrical conductivity, but nanoscale particles like this are known to scatter and obstruct the passage of heat through imperfectly understood quantum-mechanical processes.The third objective, efficient design, involved

8、sandwiching the nanostructured bismuth telluride between two copper plates and then enclosing the upper plate(the one coated with the light-absorbing oxides)and the bismuth telluride in a vacuum. The copper plates conducted heat rapidly to and from the bismuth telluride, thus maintaining the tempera

9、ture difference. The vacuum stopped the apparatus losing heat by convection. The upshot was a device that converts 4.6% of incident sunlight into electricity.【F5 】That is not great compared with the 20% and more achieved by a silicon-based solar cell, the 40% managed by a solar-thermal turbine, or e

10、ven the 18-20% of one of the new generation of cheap and cheerful thin-film solar cells. But it is enough, Dr Chen reckons, for the process to be worth considering for mass production.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their for

11、m and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineersusing nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they

12、 are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings.【F2】Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry o

13、r thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologist s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists.【F3】For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal

14、 thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical r

15、equirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineeri

16、ng curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist.【F4 】Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the developmen

17、t of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the o

18、nly college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.【F5】If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving are not provided, we can

19、expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plag

20、ue automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Timothy Berners-Lee might be giving Bill Gates a run for the money, but he passed up his

21、shot at fabulous wealthintentionallyin 1990.【F1】Thats when he decided not to patent the technology used to create the most important software innovation in the final decade of the 20th century: the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wanted to make the world a richer place, not a mass personal wealth. So he

22、 gave his brainchild to us all.Berners-Lee regards todays Web as a rebellious adolescent that can never fulfill his original expectations.【F2 】By 2005, he hopes to begin replacing it with the Semantic Weba smart network that will finally understand human languages and make computers virtually as eas

23、y to work with as other humans.As envisioned by Berners-Lee, the new Web would understand not only the meaning of words and concepts but also the logical relationships among them. That has awesome potential. Most knowledge is built on two pillars: semantics and mathematics. In number-crunching, comp

24、uters already outclass people.【F3】Machines that are equally adroit at dealing with language and reason wont just help people uncover new insights; they could blaze new trails on their own.【F4】Even with a fairly crude version of this future Web, mining online repositories for nuggets of knowledge wou

25、ld no longer force people to wade through screen after screen of extraneous data. Instead, computers would dispatch intelligent agents, or software messengers, to explore Web sites by the thousands and logically sift out just whats relevant. That alone would provide a major boost in productivity at

26、work and at home. But there s far more.Software agents could also take on many routine business chores, such as helping manufacturers find and negotiate with lowest-cost parts suppliers and handling help-desk questions. The Semantic Web would also be a bottomless trove of eureka insights. Most inven

27、tions and scientific breakthroughs, including todays Web, spring from novel combinations of existing knowledge. The Semantic Web would make it possible to evaluate more combinations overnight than a person could juggle in a lifetime. Sure scientists and other people can post ideas on the Web today f

28、or others to read. But with machines doing the reading and translating technical terms, related ideas from millions of Web pages could be distilled and summarized. That will lift the ability to assess and integrate information to new heights. The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee predicts, will help more pe

29、ople become more intuitive as well as more analytical.【F5】It will foster global collaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives, so we have a better chance of finding the right solutions to the really big issueslike the environment and climate warming.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F

30、5】15 Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.【F1】But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children

31、soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.【F2】The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against t

32、he clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!By far the worst

33、form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.【F3】The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positivel

34、y harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs.【F4 】The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work

35、 was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.【F5】Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclu

36、sively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 36 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 你可以使用一块太阳能电池板从硅等半导体材料中释放电子来直接制造电流。也可以

37、用镜子集中太阳光线，利用它们烧开水，利用蒸汽驱动发电机。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 第三是确保那种导热性差的材料产生的温度变化不会因为设计缺陷而白白浪费。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 它们的作用类似玻璃眼镜上面防反射的覆盖层，使所有落到设备上的阳光都被吸收。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 它们的导电性不会因此受到影响，但是人们知道像这样的纳米级颗粒会分散开来并通过人们还尚未完全理解的量子力学过程阻碍热量通道。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 以硅晶为基础的太阳能电池的转化率为 20甚至以上，太阳能热力涡轮的为 40，就连一种新一代价廉物美的薄膜太阳能电池的转化率也能达

38、到18一 20。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 许多日常使用的事物明显受到了科学的影响，但它们的形状和功能，它们的大小和外观，是由工艺人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师运用非科学思维模式来设计的。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因为几何学或热力学，而是因为在它们的制造者的头脑中事先存在了这样一幅画面。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 比如说，在柴油发动机的设计中，通过不断使用关于合适感和适当感的直观体会，一个工艺人员得以用他个人的非语言思维来影响到机器本身。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 因为人们认为感受的过程不需要“

39、硬思维” ，非语言思维被认为比语言和数学思维要低级，是认知过程发展的一个原始阶段。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 如果不能开设设计课程(它能在一个高度分析性工程学课程体系中提供解决实际问题的背景知识)我们就会在先进的工程系统中遇到愚蠢并会导致极大损失的错误。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 当时伯纳斯李决定不为那项用来创造 20 世纪 90 年代最重要的软件发明万维网的技术申请专利。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 到 2005 年，他希望开始用语义万维网取而代之，这是一种将最终理解人类语言并使电脑在事实上像其他人类一样容易合作的智能网络。 【知识模块】

40、翻译13 【正确答案】 在处理语言和逻辑方面同样熟练的机器将不止帮助人们洞察到新的知识，还可能为它们自己开辟新的道路。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 即使使用未来网络的一个很粗糙的版本人们在网上知识的宝库中淘金时，也不必再艰难地翻阅一屏又一屏的无关数据了。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 它将促进不同文化背景的人之间的全球性合作，因此我们有更好的机会找到那些真正的重大问题的正确解决方案，如环境和气候变暖问题。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话。那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。 【知识模块

41、】 翻译17 【正确答案】 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的 A 类好像在某个方面要比他们 B 类的同辈更胜一筹。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 通过考试进行竞争的优点本身就有些让人怀疑，但是如果在明知注定要失败的情况下还要竞争就肯定是有害的了。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 这个世界需要各种性格的人，学校的一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 也许对从事照顾他人的职业，特别是医疗事业(从业人员)的选择应该更少地基于化学成绩而更多地基于对敏感个性和同情心的考虑。 【知识模块】 翻译