[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷319及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 319 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Canadas premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about so

2、aring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.【C1 】_.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health careto say nothing of reports from other expertsrecommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having i

3、ts own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.【C2 】_.But “national“ doesnt have to mean that “National“ could mean interprovincialprovinces combining efforts to create one body.Either

4、 way, one benefit of a “national“ organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one provinceor a series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf

5、of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.【C3 】_.A small step has been taken i

6、n the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refu

7、sed to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep risi

8、ng fast.【C4 】_.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the

9、 ever-increasing cost of drugs.“【C5 】_.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.AQuebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideolog

10、y. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent!BOr they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would stren

11、gthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.“CWhat does “national“ mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.DThe problem is simp

12、le and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.EAccording to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from

13、drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.FSo, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end du

14、plication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.GOf course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one provi

15、nce to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 On the north bank of the Ohio river sit

16、s Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35, 000 a year, lost approximately $175, 000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coup

17、on for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card“, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities. For

18、 Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin“.【C1 】_. In 1997 he lost $21, 000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72, 186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino op

19、ened at 9 a.m Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Willia

20、ms s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions“ letter. Noting the “medical / psychological“ nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present m

21、edical / psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.【C2 】_.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun . and always bet with your head, not over it.“ Every entrance ticket lists a toll-

22、free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,“ intentionally worked to “lure“ him to “engage in conduct against his will.“ Well.【C3 】_.The fourth edition of the Diagnost

23、ic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling“ involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.【C4 】_. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once wer

24、e considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.【C5 】_.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent onyou might say addicted torevenues from wagering. And since the first Internet ga

25、mbling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1, 800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web s mo

26、st profitable business.AAlthough no such evidence was presented, the casino s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.BIt is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense w

27、as his will operative?CBy the time he had lost $5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5, 500, but he did not quit.DGambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social dis

28、ease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.EDavid Williams s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.FIt is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addic

29、tions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.GThe anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?6 【C1 】7

30、【C2 】8 【C3 】9 【C4 】10 【C5 】10 How does your reading proceed? Clearly, you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.【C1】_You begin to infer a context for the text, for

31、 instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engageme

32、nt in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.【C2 】_Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an

33、 absolute, fixed or “true“ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relationship of the text to the world.【 C3】_Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.【C4】_ This does not, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely becaus

34、e readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the pageincluding for texts that engage with fundamental human concernsdebates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

35、How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.【C5】_Such dimensions of reading suggestas others introduced later in the book will also dothat we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It does not then necessarily follow tha

36、t one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to

37、your surrounding textual environment.AAre we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a semina

38、r room.BFactors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.CIf you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clue

39、s presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.DIn effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These

40、might be the ones the author intended.EYou make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validityinferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.FIn plays, novels and narrative poem

41、s, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.GRather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organizations or patterning we perceive

42、in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures)and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.11 【C1 】12 【C2 】13 【C3 】14 【C4 】15 【C5 】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 319 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 考查因果关系。空格前说的是加拿大各省的总理们都对过高的医疗

43、预算，尤其是药品费用飞涨感到不满。空格后则说的是对待此问题的措施。由此可以看出两段内容的中间讲的应该是药品费用。浏览各选项，只有 E 项提到了“药品费用”，包括药品价格上涨的幅度和具体表现，是上一点提到药费上涨的依据，构成因果逻辑关系，故选 E 项。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查转折关系。空格前面说的是建立一个国家性的管理机构，后面的“but”则表示转折关系对“国家”进一步解释，说它其实是各省联合的一个机构。可知，空白处的内容应是对“国家”的一个解释，而代词“that” 即指代这一概念，故选 C 项。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 考查顺接关系。空

44、格前讲的是国家机构怎样去降低药品价格，比如增加潜在客户数量来获得更大的优惠。空格后讲到成立国家代理机构后取得的一项小突破。根据上下文逻辑关系推断，空白处内容也肯定是关于国家代理机构的。浏览各选项，提到“national agency”或同义词的有 A、B、G 项。G 项涉及医药公司对设立国家药物机构的反应，说明了成立国家机构的现实性，与下文所取得的进展在逻辑和内容上都是一致的。故选 G 项。A 项最易误选，因为它和上文都提到了专有名词“Quebec”，但其内容主要是魁北克地方保护主义的表现和药品上涨的情况，与前后内容不衔接，因此错误。而对于 B 项中出现的指代词“they”没有前文的内容相对应

45、，所以排除。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 考查顺接关系。空格前面讲到某些省对联邦政府和省政府之间的交易持怀疑态度，空格后则指出这些省长们应该通过读报告中有关药品的论述来了解成立国家药物机构的好处。可以推断，空白处内容要么是继续上面的内容，来讨论来自这些省份的阻力；要么是连接下文建议他们更多了解成立国家机构的意义。符合条件的有 B 和 F 两项，F 项虽然把上文的关键词“premiers”换成了“provinces”，但其内容没有变化，还是建议各省实现全国药物代理机构的功能，与上下文内容逻辑关系紧密，故选 F 项。B 项开头有并列连词 “or”，在语法上和上文无法衔接，因此

46、不选。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查对照关系。空前指出总理们应该读读 Romanow 的报告，B 项则提到读一读 Kirby 的报告，两段话有相似的结构，还都重复运用了关键词“report”，即暗含两份报告存在意义上的相似或相反的特征。另外，两个专有名词MrRomanow 和 MrKirby 都已在第四段中被提到，他们的报告都提倡建立国家药物代理机构，故选 B 项。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 要根据时间顺序和 David Williams 对赌博越来越着迷，输得钱越来越多这个角度来分析，第二段整个讲他赌博上瘾，不能自拔的过程，

47、而且越输越多。从语义上判断，要填入的内容一定和此人输钱有关，同时选项中很可能会出现数字。对比选项，C 项中出现了$5，000 和$5，500 和前后文的数字形成照应，由于其他选项中没有任何数字，因此很快能看出这个答案。此外，从语义逻辑上看选项所在的句子和后面一句其实是用具体的事实数据在描述 David Williams 的赌瘾越来越大，两者的语义逻辑表达方向一致，因此 C 项是正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 此段讲赌场知道 David Williams 上瘾后对他采取的补救措施，但是他要起诉赌场，就举出了赌场并未实施有效措施的例子：比如依旧给他发邮件而且也没有限制

48、他进入赌场。因此要填入的选项要表达这一方面的内容，才能在语义上和上文连贯。比较选项可以发现，选项 A 项中出现了 letter 的同义词 mail，同时从内容上分析，A 项中的 Although no such evidence was presented 和上文中的 he would have to present medicalpsychological语义上衔接紧密，语义连贯。因此A 项是正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 空白前文字提到“Williams 提出指控，casino 明明知道他无可救药地迷恋上赌博，还故意引诱他从事违背他意愿的活动”。注意空白前文字

49、中的“lure”和“will”两词，在这里分别表示“诱惑”和“意愿”。“lure“ him to“engage in conduct”是这段话表述的重点，通过词汇复现的方法很容易看出 B 项是对这一句话的补充和说明，因此，B 项是正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 空白处前一句说：心理障碍诊断统计手册第四版指出，“病态赌博”包括持续地、反复地且无法自控地不惜冒险发横财。“病态赌博”(pathological gambling)是文中之前没出现过的医学术语，因此，空白处需要对此做进一步解释。F 项中的“medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems“和“addictions“与“pathological gambling”构成同义复现关系，weakness of will(意志上的弱点)和空格后句中的 character flaws(性格的缺陷 )也是上下义词的关系，因此F 项为正确答案。