[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷338及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 338 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Research has uncovered that culture is a determining factor when interpreting facial emotions. The study reveals that in cultures where emotional contro

2、l is the standard, such as Japan, focus is placed on the eyes to interpret emotions. Whereas in cultures where emotion is openly expressed, such as the United States, the focus is on the mouth to interpret emotion.Across two studies, using computerized icons and human images, the researchers compare

3、d how Japanese and American cultures interpreted images, which conveyed a range of emotions.“These findings go against the popular theory that the facial expressions of basic emotions can be universally recognized,“ said University of Alberta researcher Dr. Takahiko Masuda. “A persons culture plays

4、a very strong role in determining how they will perceive emotions and needs to be considered when interpreting facial expression. “These cultural differences are even noticeable in computer emoticons, which are used to convey a writers emotions over email and text messaging. Consistent with the rese

5、arch findings, the Japanese emoticons for happiness and sadness vary in terms of how the eyes are depicted, while American emoticons vary with the direction of the mouth. In the United States the emoticons :)and ：-)denote a happy face, whereas the emoticons ：(or :-(denote a sad face. However, Japane

6、se tend to use the symbol(_)to indicate a happy face, and(;_;)to indicate a sad face.When participants were asked to rate the perceived levels of happiness or sadness expressed through the different computer emoticons, the researchers found that the Japanese still looked to the eyes of the emoticons

7、 to determine its emotion. “We think it is quite interesting and appropriate that a culture that tends to mask its emotions, such as Japan, would focus on a persons eyes when determining emotion, as eyes tend to be quite subtle,“ said Masuda. “In the United States, where overt emotion is quite commo

8、n, it makes sense to focus on the mouth, which is the most expressive feature on a persons face. “These findings are published in the current issue of The Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. The results also suggest the interesting possibility that the Japanese may be better than Americans at

9、 detecting “false smiles“. If the position of the eyes is the key to whether someones smile is false or true, Japanese may be particularly good at detecting whether someone is lying or being “fake“. However, these questions can only be answered with future research.1 It is revealed in a study that_.

10、（A）eyes are used to control emotions（B） mouth is used to express emotions（C） facial emotions vary with cultures（D）culture determines facial emotions2 Most people believe that_.（A）facial emotions can be universally interpreted（B） culture determines how one perceives emotions（C） human images convey a

11、wide range of emotions（D）culture should be considered in interpreting emotions3 It is obvious that emoticons are_.（A）more noticeable than human images（B） icons used to convey human emotions（C） used much more in Japan than in America（D）used to denote happiness rather than sadness4 There is no doubt t

12、hat_.（A）eyes are less used to express overt emotions（B） eyes are usually depicted to indicate a happy face（C） the Japanese is particularly good at detecting “false smiles“（D）the Japanese is good at detecting whether someone is lying 5 It can be inferred from the text that culture_.（A）primarily focus

13、es on the eyes to interpret emotions（B） tends to focus on the mouth to interpret emotions（C） plays a key role in determining facial emotions（D）is a key to interpreting facial emotions5 The world economy has been growing at its fastest for a generation. Money, goods and ideas move around the globe mo

14、re freely than they have for at least a century maybe more than ever, when you think of modern communication and Chinas re-emergence. So why all the gripes and grumbles? The problem, as some see it, is that workers in rich countries are not getting a fair whack. Their share of income has been shrink

15、ing for the past quarter of a century, most markedly in continental Europe and Japan. The new order may be just dandy for capitalists, but not for those who toil by hand or brain.In its semiannual World Economic Outlook, the IMF examines how trade, technology and immigration have stitched the worlds

16、 labour markets together at an astonishing rate, leaving rich country workers unsure of where they stand. Weighting each countrys workforce by its ratio of exports to GDP, the IMF estimates that global labour supply has in effect risen fourfold since 1980 as China, India and once-communist countries

17、 have opened up. Most of the extra workers got no further than secondary school(although the relative supply of graduates has gone up by 50%). With this surge of competition, you might expect labours share of the pie to shrink.In some cases, the competition is direct: workers cross borders to take j

18、obs in rich countries. Although unwelcome in many places, immigrants share of the workforce has risen a lot in some European countries(notably Britain, Germany and Italy)and in America, where it is close to 15%. The more important channel, though, is trade: largely because of China, developing count

19、ries share of rich countries manufacturing imports has doubled since the early 1990s. “ Offshoring“shifting production, especially of intermediate goods and some services, abroad has been on the rise, although the IMF notes that it has grown more slowly than total trade. Globalisation is not the onl

20、y possible reason why labours share has shrunk. New technologies have probably taken a few degrees off the workers slice too. Technological change had the biggest effect in Europe and Japan. In Anglo-Saxon countries(America, Australia, Britain and Canada)it was much smaller.The effects of labour glo

21、balisation were most evident in Anglo-Saxon and small European countries. However, it has touched different places in different ways. In Europe the effects of offshoring and immigration have been more marked than in the Anglo-Saxon world; in Japan they have scarcely registered. The labour-intensive

22、goods that rich countries import have fallen in price, pressing down on the workers share. But this has been broadly offset by price falls in the capital-intensive goods they export. In Japan these prices fell by enough to yield an overall net gain in the labour share.6 By referring to Chinas re-eme

23、rgence, the author intends to show_.（A）why there are so many gripes and grumbles（B） the unfairness of the worlds labour markets（C） the increased globalization in the world economy（D）the smaller share of income labour can expect to get7 Labors share of income in rich countries has been shrinking main

24、ly because of_.（A）the rapid increase of global labour supply（B） the low educational level of extra workers（C） the opening up of once-communist countries（D）the higher ratio of each countrys exports to GDP8 The fact that “offshoring has been on the rise“ is used to show that_.（A）it has grown more slow

25、ly than total trade（B） Chinas share of rich countries imports is the largest（C） immigrants share of the workforce has risen considerably（D）workers in rich countries face sharp competition from abroad9 The author argues that the chief possible reason for labours smaller share of income is_.（A）labour

26、globalisation（B） technological change（C） the freer international trade（D）the fast-growing immigration10 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）labour-intensive goods should not be imported（B） Japan is least vulnerable to labour globalisation（C） the effects of offshoring and immigration

27、have been scarce（D）the effects of labour globalization vary from country to country10 Drunk drivers cause hundreds of traffic accidents each year, many of which end in fatalities. In recent years, two organizations have been formed to combat this deadly menace. MADD(Mothers Against Drunk Driving)was

28、 formed to stop drunk driving kids and teens, support the victims of it and prevent underage drinking. SADD(Students Against Destructive Decisions)was created to provide students with the best prevention and tools to deal with underage drinking, drug use, impaired driving and other destructive decis

29、ions. The two organizations lake different approaches to drunk driving and each is succeeding in its own way.MADD was founded in 1980 by Cindy Lightner, following the death of her 13 year old daughter who was killed by a drunk driver out of bail for a hit and run accident only two days earlier. Ligh

30、tner and other mothers who had lost children to drunk drivers formed MADD in an effort to stop the more than 30,000 alcohol related driving deaths each year. They worked, not only to educate the public about the dangers of drunk driving, but to change societal attitudes about drinking and driving. M

31、ADD expanded its campaign from “Dont Drive Drunk“ to “Dont Drink and Drive“. To accomplish this, it has recommended higher beverage taxes, lower drunk driving arrest thresholds, and roadblocks designed to frighten people out of social drinking. It has also created Victim Impact Panels, where people

32、convicted of driving while intoxicated hear the stories of parents, relatives and friends of victims of drunk driving accidents. Twenty-six years after the founding of MADD, alcohol related driving deaths in the United States have been reduced to about 17,000 annually.SADD was founded by Robert Anas

33、tas of Wayland High School in Massachusetts as Students Against Driving Drunk in 1981. SADD emerged as a response to more than 6,000 young people being killed in alcohol related accidents each year. SADDs approach to the problem was to develop educational programs in school chapters ranging from mid

34、dle schools to colleges. In 1997, SADD expanded its mission to include underage drinking, substance abuse, impaired driving, violence, and suicide. SADDs programs are keyed to the needs of individual school locations. These include peer-led classes, forums, workshops, conferences and rallies, and ot

35、her awareness-raising activities. Over its first decade, SADD has worked with many federal and state agencies, nonprofit groups and foundations to get its message across. By 1990, due in part to the work of SADD, the number of young people killed in alcohol related accidents fell to 2,000 per year.B

36、oth MADD and SADD have been influential in reducing the number of alcohol related deaths in the United States. Each has taken a different approach to the problem of drunk driving and come up with viable solution.11 Which of the following statements is true of the text?（A）Traffic accidents would be e

37、liminated without drunk driving.（B） Both MADD and SADD are dedicated to curbing drunk driving.（C） MADD was formed much earlier and did much more than SADD.（D）MADD takes a more effective approach to drunk driving than SADD.12 According to the author, Cindy Lightner（A）was a victim of an alcohol relate

38、d traffic accident（B） founded MADD in memory of her lost daughter（C） lost her daughter in a hit and run accident（D）was determined to reduce drunk driving13 According to the text, MADD_.（A）urges drunk drivers to hear bitter stories（B） tries its best to frighten people out of drinking（C） has considera

39、bly reduced alcohol related driving deaths（D）manages to change publics attitude toward drunk driving14 As a result of SADDs effort,_.（A）its mission includes much more than ever before（B） fewer young people have been killed by drunk driving（C） it responds to alcohol related accidents more promptly（D）

40、more educational programs have been developed in schools15 Which of the following is the best title for this text?（A）Two Influential Organizations（B） The Menace of Drunk Driving（C） The Fight against Drunk Driving（D）How to Reduce Traffic Accidents15 In an October 2008 report, the Center for Disease C

41、ontrol placed the U. S. 29th in infant mortality. tied with Slovakia and Poland, and trailing Hungary and Cuba. J That stunning outcome was quickly seized: the U. S. health-care system needs to be more like the government-run systems in those lands.Proponents of that view often shift into one-on-one

42、 comparisons of Canada and America. Canada, with mandatory public health insurance, experiences 5. 3 deaths per 1,000 births; the U. S. , with private insurance for most, sees 6. 9 deaths, a rate 30 percent higher. This outcome is then attributed to cross-country differences in the health-care syste

43、ms. “Canadian Health Care. Even Willi Queues, Bests U.S. ,“ writes Pat Wechsler for Bloomberg, com, citing infant mortality as 34 percent higher in the United States.But infant-mortality differences can and should be explained by the American proportion of teenage mothers, which runs here at three t

44、imes the Canadian rate. These pregnancies are less healthy, producing more premature, low-birth-weight babies. Within each birth-mother age category, the U. S. has generally equal or belter infant survival, as a 2007 National Bureau of Economic Research paper by economists June and David ONeill deta

45、ils. The problem of infant mortality remains. It should surely be reduced in the U. S. , and serious measures should be undertaken to accomplish this. But the factors that cause itadolescent pregnancies, drug abuse, smoking, drinking, and obesity are probably not going to be fixed by changes in heal

46、th insurance, public or private. Focusing on the healthcare system requires nuance that, for those happily touting summary statistics, is not worth the stress. Michael Moores documentary Sicko revels in rankings that place Cuba ahead of America in the infant-mortality race. Indeed, in 2008 Cuba clai

47、med an infant-mortality rate of 5. 8 deaths per 1,000 births against the U. S. rate of 6. 9. Setting aside questions as to which deaths count in the infant mortality statisticU. S. medicine makes extraordinary attempts to save low-birth-weight babies that would otherwise be deemed miscarriagesand th

48、e far higher mortality of birthing mothers in Cuba, just one adjustment is provocative; the rate for Cubans living in the U. S. is 4. 2. Holding culture constant, the U. S. outranks Cuba.That may not be much of a boast, but political opportunists and newspaper headlines trumpet just the reverse stor

49、y. Alas, our PowerPoint Ceneration gravitates to bullet points and two-dimensional bar charts, even as we stumble our way through this multidimensional universe. CliffsNotes science drives crises where none exist and misses those that truly loom.16 According to a report issued in Oct. 2008 by the Center for Disease Control, the U. S. _.（A）equaled both Slovakia and Poland in the rate of infant deaths（B） fell far behind both Hungary and Cuba in health-care system（C） astonished the world