[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷458及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 458 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “one-click“ online payment sys

2、tem. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 ye

3、ars ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,“ says Dennis D. Crouch of the Universi

4、ty of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.“Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approvin

5、g a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents

6、to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investm

7、ent films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be hea

8、rd by all 12 of the court s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider“ its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the s

9、cope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions“ that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,“ says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney a

10、nd professor at George Washington University Law School.1 Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of（A）their limited value to businesses.（B） their connection with asset allocation.（C） the possible restriction on their granting.（D）the controversy over their authorization.2 Which

11、 of the following is true of the Bilski case?（A）Its ruling complies with the court decisions.（B） It involves a very big business transaction.（C） It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.（D）It may change the legal practices in the U.S3 The word “about-face“(Para. 3)most probably means（A）loss of g

12、ood will.（B） increase of hostility.（C） change of attitude.（D）enhancement of dignity.4 We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents（A）are immune to legal challenges.（B） are often unnecessarily issued.（C） lower the esteem for patent holders.（D）increase the incidence of risks.5 Wh

13、ich of the following would be the subject of the text?（A）A looming threat to business-method patents.（B） Protection for business-method patent holders.（C） A legal case regarding business-method patents.（D）A prevailing trend against business-method patents.5 When it comes to the slowing economy, Elle

14、n Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a

15、good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middlebrow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients ar

16、e going to abandon me, too.“ she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. Fo

17、r retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned,

18、not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most region

19、s. In Manhattan, “there s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,“ says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two

20、or three,“ says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubble

21、s in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For th

22、at, Greenspan they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending

23、.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-s

24、pirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of

25、economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross themespecially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from e

26、lite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More dif

27、ficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society s character. In many respects, the U. S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed result

28、s. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.16 By saying “to find silver linings“(Para. 2)the author suggests that the jobless try to（A）seek subsidies from the government.（

29、B） explore reasons for the unemployment.（C） make profit from the troubled economy.（D）look on the bright side of the recession.17 According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people（A）realize the national dream.（B） struggle against each other.（C） challenge their prudence.（D）reconsider their lifes

30、tyle.18 Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may（A）impose a heavier burden on immigrants.（B） bring out more evils of human nature.（C） promote the advance of rights and freedoms.（D）ease conflicts between races and classes.19 The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recessi

31、on graduates from elite universities tend to（A）lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities.（B） catch up quickly with experienced employees.（C） see their life chances as dimmed as the others.（D）recover more quickly than the others.20 The author thinks that the influence of hard times on soci

32、ety is（A）certain.（B） positive.（C） trivial.（D）destructive.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 458 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 细节题。题干问为什么商业专利在近来引起了关注，根据出题顺序，本题的答题区间在前 两段。第一段主要讲在过去十年间，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利。

33、第二段第一句指出国家 最高专利法庭准备缩减商业专利(scale back on businessmethod patents)。由此可见，C 项“它们的 授予可能受到限制”是对原文的同义置换，故为正确答案，restriction on 相当于 scale back on。A 项“它们对企业的价值有限”，原文并未提到。B 项“它们与资产配置相关”，利用第一段中出现的 asset allocation 形成干扰项，属于过度推断。D 项“它们的获批引起争议”较有迷惑性，但原文说的 是十年来一直争议不断，而题干问的是最近(recently)，因此属于偷换概念。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 D【试

34、题解析】 推断题。根据关键词 Bilski case 并结合出题顺序定位至第二段。第二段最后提到 it has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents，D 项是对此句的同义改写，may 对应 has the poten tial，change 对应 eliminate。因此，D项“它可能会改变美国已有的法律惯例”为正确答案。A 项“对 它的裁决符合法庭决议”、C 项“它已经被联邦巡回法庭驳回”反向干扰，文中已暗示比尔斯基案 的判决可能成为商业方法专利案件的转折点，因此它不会被驳回，而且它的判决与以往案例不 同。B 项“它涉及一

35、项非常大的商业交易”，第二段末句提到 Bilski case 是 a very big deal 意思是 “Bilski case 非常重要的事”，而非 “大的交易”，因此 B 项错误。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 含义题。根据题干定位到第三段。第一句提到：对商业方法专利权的限制(curbs on business method claims)将会是一个 a dramatic about-face，因为正是联邦巡回法院在 1998 年被称为“州街 银行案”的决议中引入了这类专利，由此可见现在的做法与以前的做法是背道而驰的，即联邦巡 回法院的态度发生了大的转变，因此选 C

36、项。A 项“良好愿望的消失”、B 项“敌意的增加”、D 项 “尊严的提升”都与原文毫无关系。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 推断题。根据题干定位到最后两段。最后一段第二句提到 too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious(太多显而易见的“发明”被授予了专利权)，言外之意就是很多发 明本没有必要授予专利，即 unnecessarily issued，因此 B 项为正确答案。 A 项“不受法律质疑的影 响”，与原文表述明显相反。C 项“降低专利持有人的尊严”，是对 narrowed the

37、scope of protections for patent holders 的曲解。D 项“增加了风险的发生率”无从推知，应该是对第四段第一句 hedging risk(规避风险) 出的干扰项。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 主旨题。本文第一段讲过去十年中无数的商业方法被授予专利，第二段指出现在最高专 利法庭准备减少这类专利的授予，第三段回顾过去表明这是法庭态度的重大转变，第五段又回 到现在点明法庭的反专利倾向，因此全文主题应是“法庭准备限制商业方法专利”，A 项“商业方 法专利的潜在威胁”正确。B 项“对商业方法专利持有人的保护”与主题无关。C 项 “有关商业方 法专

38、利的一个法律案例”仅是文中举的一个例子，并不能概括主题。D 项“反对商业方法专利的 流行趋势”较有迷惑性，但是 prevailing 这个词使得此项不能选，因为商业方法专利仅仅是“受到 威胁”，还没有变成“普遍的、盛行的”趋势。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 含义题。题干中短语的位置出现在原文第一段。而之后紧跟的 But表明了第一句和第二 句的转折关系。因此由 But 后所提到的 Spero 对业务量减少表示担忧可以推断出，转折前的意思 应该是她认为情况不算太糟。此外，该表达与第三段的“not in despair”构成了照应关系，根据篇 章的一致性，D

39、项“Spero 尚未陷入绝境”与上文构成了较佳的衔接关系，因此为正确答案。C 项 是该表达的字面含义。A 项和 B 项都是断章取义。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 态度题。文章第二段出现“optimistic”这个词，也就是说大多人说他们还是保持乐观的，因 此 A 项符合题意。C 项“无忧无虑的”并不等同于“乐观的”。B 项“迷惑的”与 D 项“惊慌失措的” 都显然不符合整篇文章的论点。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 推断题。首先，可以根据第三段的话题(地产)来判断。其次，根据文章话题的一致性原则， 文章反复提到“real estate”，显然以它为重要

40、谈论话题。再根据上下文，可以判断出，作者是在讨 论房价的问题。因此 B 项与原文信息是吻合的。A 项的“gold rush”只是个笼统的比喻，形容人们 争先恐后投资，而不是针对黄金市场。C 项“股票交易”与原文无关。D 项“风险投资”这个词过于 笼统，没有点出文章的主要话题。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 含义题。首先，根据第四段的内容，说不少人包括购房者等都在showdown 中得到了些好 处。其次，“silver linings”本身的意思就是“黑暗中的一线光明”，这个修辞手法经常出现在报刊文 章中。因此，A 项与原文信息是吻合的。B 项“股票市场显示出某些复苏的迹象”

41、、C 项“这种下滑 往往出现在繁荣之前”均是对原文的曲解。D 项“购买力肯定会被提高”在原文中并未提到。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 主旨题。文中作者反复强调的重点信息是“不要惊慌”，也就是说事情并没有那么糟，要保 持乐观，要看到“silver linings”，因此 C 项“只须谨慎，不必惊慌”表达了这一含义。A 项“崭新的繁 荣就在地平线 ”，原文只是说经济下滑的后果没那么严重，没有说是否会繁荣。B 项“节俭是唯一 的办法”过于绝对，更何况此项表现的过于消极，与作者的积极态度相违背。D 项“投资越多，机 会越多”，原文没有提到这个观点。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】

42、 阅读11 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 态度题。根据关键词 Milton Friedman 定位到第一段。文章开头讲密尔顿.弗里德曼曾经 写道：“企业有且只有一个社会责任，那就是利用它的资源从事旨在增加企业利润的活动。”紧 接着文章转折并提出 things may not be absolutely clear-cut。由此推知，作者对此的态度是 un certainty，故 C 项为正确答案。A 项“包容”，B 项“怀疑”，D 项“赞同”均不符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读12 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干关键词 Paragraph 2 定位到第二段。第二段中提到 CSR 对

43、企业的三个 好处，分别是 first，second，third ，所以答案可能在三个细节中。文章第三点提到 And third，through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others可知 A 项“赢得消费者的信任”符合题意，为正确答案。B 项“防范公司舞弊”和 C 项“保 护公司免受诽谤”均不符合题意。D 项“提高公司产品的质量 ”与第一点意思不符，故排除。【知识模块】 阅读13 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 含义题。根据

44、题干关键词 more lenient 定位到第四段 The study found that,among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties由于 more lenient 修饰penalties(惩罚) ，故推测本句在讨论 CSR 和 penalties 的联系。而本段与惩罚相 关的词只有最后一个词 fines(罚金)，修饰它的形容词是 lower，故可推测 more lenient 与减少惩 罚有关，故 C 项“不严厉的”符

45、合题意。 A 项“更有效的”、B 项“争议少的”和 D 项“更持久的”均不 符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读14 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干关键词 prosecutors evaluate a case 定位到第五段。首句是 In all，the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits，they do seem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR这里的 be influenced 与 A

46、项 has an impact 对应，故 A 项“对他们的决定有影响”符合题意。而 B 项中的 reliable evidence 和 C 项中的 the chance of being penalized 在原文中没有体现。D 项中的 investigation 与题干中的 When prosecutors eval uate a case 明显对应不上，故排除。【知识模块】 阅读15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干关键词 the last paragraph 定位到最后一段。末段首句提到“研究人员 承认他们的研究不能回答企业在社会责任上应该花费多少的问题”，表达的核心是公司

47、到底该 支出多少费用的问题，故 B 项“必要的公司花费是未知的”符合文意，故为正确答案。A 项“对企 业的消极影响经常会被忽视 ”、C项“公司对其的财政能力被高估了”和 D 项“它为银行业带来 了很多利益”均与原文不符。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读16 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 推断题。信号词位于第二段第一句话。纵观整个第二段，讲述的是经济危机怎样给社 会带来积极影响的一面。尽管失业极其痛苦，但至少它有一点积极的意义。可见失业的人是 从不幸中找万幸，由此可知，D 项“对经济萧条持乐观的态度”为正确答案。其他几项均不符 合原文。【知识模块】 阅读17 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 细

48、节题。根据第二段的描述，经济衰退让人们变得不那么物质，对理财更加谨慎，停止 不理性的夸张消费，从轻而易举发大财的民族热梦中清醒过来。因此，D 项 reconsider their lifestyle，“重新审视他们的生活方式”为正确答案。A 项曲解原文，B 项和 C 项文章没有提到。【知识模块】 阅读18 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。原文是“Benjamin Friedman 认为长时间的经济停滞几乎都会让社会变得更消 极，更加不包容，大多数时候阻挡甚至倒退了社会权利与自由的进程。C、D 项正好与之相反，A 项不全面。B 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读19 【正确答案】 D【试题解

49、析】 推断题。根据信号词，考生可以定位在第四段第三句“并不是所有萧条时代的应届毕业 生都认为自己前途暗淡。名校毕业生在很短的时间内就赶上在形势好的时代他们能达到的水 平：落后的是那些教育背景不如他们的大众”。所以，D 项“比其他人恢复得更快”符合题意，故 为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读20 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 态度题。A 项“肯定的”；B 项“正面的 ”；C 项“微不足道的”，D 项“毁灭性的”，根据最后一 句话 but they certainly will reshape it 表示但是确定的是，它们会重塑我们的社会结构，具体怎 样重塑还有待观察。因此，A 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读