[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷483及答案与解析.doc

1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 483 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing process, they may be rolled into cigars or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes, the most

2、 popular method of smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. About 50 million people in the United States currently smoke an estimated total of 570 billion cigarettes each year. But, is smoking a good habit?1. Increased risk of cancerSome experts noticed that lung canc

3、er, which was rare before the 20th century, had increased dramatically since about 1930, The American Cancer Society and other organizations initiated studies comparing deaths among smokers and nonsmokers over a period of several years.2. More deaths from other diseasesSmokers also run greater risk

4、of dying from diseases apart from cancers.3. Cigar and pipe smoke, as dangerousCigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke.4. The effect of environmental tobacco smokeRecent research has focused on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS),

5、that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share the same environment with a smoker.5. Addiction at an early ageThe smoking habit and addiction to nicotine usually begins at an early age. This has led to particular concern over smoking in teenagers and young adults.There is no need

6、to kill innocent human beings. Restricting tobacco use may be the only answer to a healthy world. Tobacco is harmful not only to us, but to the people in surrounding areas. Tobacco use has been passed on from generation to generation. It is now time to put a ban on smoking. With the help of thousand

7、s of people, smoking can be controlled. Now it is the time to start a tobacco battle. Smoking needs to become extinct worldwide.AA report by the National Cancer Institute concluded that the mortality rates from cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus are approximately equal in us

8、ers of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amount of smoking and the degree of inhalation.BIn the United States, more than 70 percent of adults began smoking b

9、efore the age of 18. From the early to mid-1990s the proportion of teenage smokers in the United States rose from one-quarter to one third, despite increasing warnings about the health hazards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places. In 2001 surveys of students in grades 9 through

10、 12 found that more than 38 percent of male students and nearly 30 percent of female students smoke. Although black teenagers have the lowest smoking rates of any racial group, cigarette smoking among black teens increased 80 percent in the late 1990s.CIt is estimated that cigarettes are responsible

11、 for about 431, 000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. The risks of dying from lung cancer are 23 times higher for male smokers and 13 times high

12、er for female smokers than nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas.DResearch has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease

13、in blood flow to the placenta.EThe United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)estimates that exposure to the environment that contains all the toxic agents exhaled by a smoker, causes 3, 000 cancer deaths and an estimated 40, 000 deaths from heart disease per year in nonsmokers. Secondhand sm

14、oke can aggravate asthma, pneumonia , bronchitis, and impaired blood circulation.FSmoking causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of strok

15、e by 50 percent40 percent among men and 60 percent among women.5 Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one persons view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody elses. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes an

16、d abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover , the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.“Being a good boss is important in any organization, but its particularly important for small business“, says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at

17、the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.“Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attr

18、ibutes: 1. Be inclusiveWith a smaller operation, its essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the dail

19、y function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.2. Mission, not just moneyVery few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but thats not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective

20、 boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.3. Nothing to fear but fear itselfMany of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the

21、 job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.4. It s their careers, tooDont forget that the people who work for you are looking to y

22、ou to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, its not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.5. Made, not necessarily bornOne final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes i

23、nto being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars

24、, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.A“Its important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But its also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance

25、, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake, “ says Sheehan.B“You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have, “ sa

26、ys Sheehan.C“People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities, “ says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.“DIf an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running hi

27、s or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.EFor instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize

28、 how its products improve customers health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility)serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.F“This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and differe

29、nt, but know were not going to kill each other if things dont work out, “ says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. Its a question of what you want to focus on.“10 C.P. Snow once said: “A

30、 sense of the future is behind all good policies. Unless we have it, we can give nothing either wise or decent to the world.“ Thinking carefully about an outcome is an intelligent first step in many processes, especially when the stakes are high, possibly even dangerous. Do you have any experience i

31、n getting out of hazardous situations? In the most exceptional circumstances, a few good rules of thumb may save you. Here are five things to keep in mind.1. Stay calmIf a catastrophe threatens your life, panic will only make matters worse. Nothing but calmness can help you adequately take stock of

32、the situation and take appropriate measures.2. Remain confidentDesperation can paralyze you or sap your energy, while confidence is the key to saving yourself.3. Help each otherYou should organize for mutual assistance in case of an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. People working together can always co

33、pe more successfully with any adverse situation. Solidarity means strength: solidarity means victory.4. Be obedient to superiorsThe best strategy when facing a catastrophe is to obey commands and keep order. More often than not, leaders are experts, or someone familiar with the situation or with ric

34、h experience. Being too individualistic and going your own way will usually make the situation worse for you and others. So, the best thing to do is to listen:to authorities and remain orderly.5. CommunicateWhen in danger it is best to seek help immediately so those with more resources can come to y

35、our aid. If you are at risk, use whatever means available as soon as possible to contact others for help, and take efforts to maintain communication once it is established.While every catastrophe is different in its own way, all can be met and hopefully overcome with the above-mentioned pieces of ad

36、vice. By carefully considering what needs to be done, even under the worst of situations, one can find solutions, or endure until aided by others.AA person trapped in ruins in an earthquake, didnt lose hope. The victim overcame his pain and despair, and kept banging out signals on the fallen wall ar

37、ound him for help. Because of his efforts, a rescue team was able to find him and save his life.BFor example, if numerous people are involved in a dangerous situation, some, out of fear or inclination, may not follow direction or heed sound advice. As a result of the disorder, rescue efforts are hin

38、dered , or worse more casualties are incurred.CNine fishermen from Peru were hit by a severe storm, but they didn t panic even though their boat was damaged so badly that they couldnt sail home. They maintained faith that they would surely to be saved, and their belief gave them strength. When there

39、 is hope, there is a way! They survived at sea for 40 days before they were finally rescued. Their story is a good sample for future people lost at sea. It is best to remember the proverb: God helps those who help themselves.DHistory shows that when people are in danger mutual assistance promotes co

40、nfidence, and reassuring others not only helps them, but can calm you as well. Helping others is beneficial, especially in the direst circumstances. During the Sept. 11 attacks in America, people pulled together and supported each other. This not only reduced casualties, but also left a deep impress

41、ion on people around world. Remember, helping others is helping yourself!EThe Apollo 13 space mission suffered catastrophic mechanical problems en route to the Moon. Its malfunction was caused by an explosion and rupture of oxygen tank No. 2 in the service module. The NASA Mission Control Center imm

42、ediately issued two orders. The second order was concerning navigation. But, can you guess what the first order was? Unbelievably, the astronauts were told to take two tranquillizer pills each! As a result, calmness helped the astronauts overcome a series of difficulties and return to earth. Calmnes

43、s can work miracles in times of emergency.FThe best way to prevent a catastrophe from happening is planning ahead. You should often check your circuits, stoves, electrical appliances and gas pipelines. Before sleeping in a hotel, you should be aware of the nearest exit in case of an emergency. “Prep

44、aration averts peril.“15 For a society to exist, it must have a system of leadership. Some people will have to have power over others. As Max Weber pointed out, however, people can perceive power as legitimate or illegitimate. Weber used the term authority to refer to legitimate power that is, power

45、 that people accept as right. In contrast, illegitimate power, coercion, is power that people do not accept as just.1. Custom and authorityThroughout the worlds history, the most common form of authority has been traditional. Traditional authority, which is based on custom, is the hallmark of prelit

46、erate groups. In these societies, custom dictates basic relationships.2. Traditional gender differenceGender relations in preliterate groups are also based on traditional authority. The divisions between men and women are based on the past, with custom determining that a gulf should be maintained be

47、tween them. Custom also dictates the specifics of their relationships.3. Change of traditionWhen traditional society changes, traditional authority is undermined.4. Tradition in modern societyEven in industrial and postindustrial societies, however, traditional authority never totally dies out.5. Ch

48、allenges to traditionThis traditional authority, unquestioned in most places in the world, has not gone completely challenged, however. Just as for the widow of Spain and Portugal, matters are no longer as clear-cut as they once were, and some Western societies debate the right of parents to hit the

49、ir kids.Although the images that come to mind when we think of power are those of governmentkings, queens, coups, dictatorships, running for office, votingtraditional authority, in the sense of power relations, is also an inevitable part of everyday life.AIn a democracy, for example, the presidents authority comes from the office, as specified in the written constitution, not from his or her reputation or personal characteristics.BA good case in point is Sweden: it has even passed laws that forbid spanking, and Sweden author