[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编21及答案与解析.doc

1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 21 及答案与解析一、填空题1 IC is the short form of immediate_used in the study of syntax. (北二外 2003 研)2 _refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大 2007 研)3 Coordination and subordination belong to_cons

2、truction.4 A_sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and“, “but“ , or .5 A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a_clause.6 IC analysis emphasizes the_structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word

3、 groups first.7 Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called_rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.8 Syntactic relations include_, _and_.二、单项选择题9 _refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur toget

4、her in a sentence. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）Syntagmatic relations（B） Hypotactic relations（C） Paradigmatic relations（D）Paratactic relations10 For structuralists, _is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）coordinate construction（B） s

5、ubordinate construction（C） endocentric construction（D）exocentric construction11 Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_. (西安交大 2008 研)（A）how people produce and recognize possible sentences（B） what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words（C） how words and phrases form sentence

6、s（D）All of the above12 Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is_Analysis. (北二外2010 研)（A）Internal Component（B） Innate Capacity（C） Internal Constituent（D）Immediate Constituent13 The phrase “on the shelf“ belongs to_construction.（A）endocentric（B） exocentric（C） subordinate（D）coordinate1

7、4 _refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.（A）Conjoining（B） Embedding（C） Concord（D）Government15 The criterion used in IC analysis is_.（A）transformation（B） conjoining（C） grouping（D）substitutability16 The phrase “my small childs cot“ is an ambiguous phrase, whi

8、ch can be revealed by _tree diagrams.（A）one（B） two（C） three（D）four17 _is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as singular, dual, plural, etc. _.（A）Category（B） Number（C） Gender（D）Case18 In English, _and_are often expressed by subject and object.（A）them

9、e and rhyme（B） theme and predicate（C） predicate and object（D）subject and predicate19 Which one of them is not the cohesive device_.（A）ellipsis（B） reference（C） substitution（D）subject三、简答题20 How does modern language define “object“? Provide an example. (清华 2001 研)21 Whats your understanding of “Gender

10、“? (西安交大 2008 研)22 What are the endocentric and exocentric constructions? (北交大 2007；武汉大学2004 研；西安交大 2008 研)23 What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? (西安交通大学 2008 研)24 How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? (北二外 2010 研)25 Endocent

11、ric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable centre or head (中山大学 201 1 年研)26 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using

12、 a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis (南开大学 2011 年研)(1) gentlemanliness (2) unlockable27 What is move- rule?28 What are theme and rheme?四、名词解释29 Paradigmatic relations (北交大 2005 研；中山大学 2006 研)30 Immediate constituent (武汉大学 2008 研；武汉大学 2006 研)31 Endo

13、centric construction (四川大学 2006 研)32 IC analysis (四川大学 2010 研；人大 2006 研)33 Concord (or: Agreement) (武汉大学 2008 研；中山大学 2008 研；上海交大 2007研)34 Embedding (武汉大学 2004 研)35 Logical subject(中山大学 2011 年研)36 anaphor(南开大学 2011 年研)五、举例说明题37 Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as

14、 syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? (北航 2008 研；四川大学 2008 研；北二外 2005 研)38 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis). (北交大 2006 研)39 Disambiguate the following sentences, using the tree diagram with labels or analyzing their syntactic structures. (北交大 2006 研)1.T

15、imes flies like an arrow.2.We got down from the duck.3.Old men and women will be served first.4.John passed the hammer and saw through the window.5.Who would you like to visit?40 Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? If you know how, use tree diagrams to show how these sentences are ambigu

16、ous. (南京大学 2006 研)(1) The children put the toy in tile box.(2) The professors appointment was shocking.(3) No smoking section is available.(4) Jack refused to change his decision.41 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of

17、your answer for second language teaching? (北外 2006 研)42 In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2) , the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is, the

18、 hearer tends to think that Helen fell on the ground because of Toms pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why. (北外 2005 研)(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground. (2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.43 What is the aim of IC (immediate constituent) analysis? Make an

19、 IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram?My mother said Mary liked the handbag. (北外 2010 研)44 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other. (南京大学 2006 研)(1) A. His carelessness I cant bear.B. I c

20、ant bear his carelessness. (2) A. A dagger killed the tourist. B. The tourist was killed with a dagger. (3) A. A hurricane killed eight people. B. Eight people died in a hurricane.45 In your opinion in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies? (南开大学 2011 年研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 21 答案与解析一

21、、填空题1 【正确答案】 constituent【试题解析】 随接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语) ，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。2 【正确答案】 Cohesion【试题解析】 衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之问存在的一种形式上的联系。3 【正确答案】 endocentric【试题解析】 向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。从结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。4 【正确答案】 coordinate【试题解

22、析】 并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如hut，and，or 这些并列连渊来连接的。5 【正确答案】 finite【试题解析】 限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。6 【正确答案】 Hierarchical【试题解析】 随接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语) ，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。7 【正确答案】 Transformational【试题解析】 句法移位是一种转换规则，指一个句子的任意成分从原来的位置移到另一个新位置。它可能会引起句子句法的变化。8 【正确答

23、案】 positional relation，relation of substitutability and relation of occurrence【试题解析】 有三种句法关系，即(1)位置关系；(2)替代关系；(3)同现关系。二、单项选择题9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 句法关系可能发生在句子层面，所以通常我们说句法关系是指一个语言单位与另一个语言单位之间的关系。10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 乔姆斯基在其经典理论中提出短语结构规则，这个规则有助于我们更好的

24、明白句子是如何产生与被理解的，以及单词和短语是怎样根据语法规则形成句子的。12 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 直接成分这一术语，最先是由布龙菲尔德在语言论中提出的。直接成分分析法，即 Immediate constituent analysis，简称 IC Analysis。13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 离心结构是指一个其成分功能不等于它的任何一个成分，没有明显的主词或中心词的结构。在短语“on the shelf”中，没有明显的主词或中心词结构。14 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 当一个从句与另一个从句并列或结合时，这种句子结构就叫做“联合”。15 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 直接成

25、分分析法的标准：替换性。看一个词语的序列是否可以被一个单词替换而结构保持不变。16 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 17 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 数是用来分析词类的语法范畴，有单数、双数和复数等。在英语中，数主要是名词的范畴，包括两种形式：单数和复数。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 较早提出主位和述位概念的是布拉格学派创始人之一马泰休斯。主位和述位通常指主语和谓语，但主位结构分析属于语义分析，而主语一谓语一补语分析属于结构分析。19 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 有很多衔接手段，例如，指称，替代，省略。主语不属于衔接手段。三、简答题20 【正确答案】 In modern languag

26、e, object is defined as such an item that it can become a subject in passive transformation. For example, in sentence “The lion chased the tourist“, “the tourist“ acts as the object. In the passive voiced sentence “The tourist was chased by the lion“, “the tourist“ acts as the subject of the sentenc

27、e.21 【正确答案】 “Gender“ displays such contrasts as “masculine“, “feminine“, “neuter“, or “animate“ and “inanimate“, etc., for the analysis of word classes. When word items refer to the sex of the real-world entities, we are talking about natural gender. The opposite is grammatical gender. In English, t

28、he gender distinctions are on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature, e.g. actor, actress; hero, heroine; prince, princess; lion, lioness. In, contrast, the gender distinctions in languages like French are grammatical. They may have nothing to do with the sex of the r

29、eal-world entities at all. And all nouns have gender distinctions whether they refer to animate entities or not.22 【正确答案】 An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. a word or a group

30、of words, which serves as a definable center, or head. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. Noun phrases like Lovely Lucy are typical endocentric constructions.Opposite of endocentric constructions, the exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically r

31、elated words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole. There is no noticeable centre, or head in it. Prepositional phrases like “on the shelf“ are typical examples of this type.23 【正确答案】 The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical st

32、ructure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.24 【正确答案】 In Saussures view, language is a system of signs

33、, each of which consists of two parts: signified and signifier. And the relationships between these two parts are arbitrary. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e. g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or betwee

34、n a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts. The syntagmatic relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also

35、called vertical relation or choice relation.25 【正确答案】 This sentence indicates the meaning of endocentric construction. Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the head e. g. noun phrases like the three smal

36、l children with children as its head, verb phrases like will have been leaving with leaving as its bead, and adjective phrases like really very late with late as its head.Endocentric constructions fall into two main types, depending on the relation between constituents: coordination and subordinatio

37、n. In the coordinate construction, there are more than one head, e. g. boys and girls, coffee or tea, etc. The subordinate are construction words which modify the head, such as two dogs, swimming in the lake, etc.（考查向心结构概念）26 【正确答案】 27 【正确答案】 Move- rule is a general movement rule accounting for the

38、syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. It goes like this; any element may be moved to another place, or more generally changed in some way, as long as the relevant conditions (principles) are satisfied. That is to say, the movements are constrained by the other modules of grammar in order t

39、o rule out ungrammatical forms, such as the kissed boy girl and were kissed the girl by the boy. It is the interaction of move- with other syntactic principles that results in grammatical strings. It is responsible for the mapping between active and passive.28 【正确答案】 Some linguists, who devoted cons

40、iderable attention to problems of analyzing sentences from a functional point of view, believe that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearerit is their starting point, the ground on which they meet. T

41、his is called the theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the rheme. For example, in the sentence The man is coming, The man is the theme, and is coming is the rheme.四、名词解释29 【正确答案】 Paradigmatic relation, Saussure originally cal

42、led associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.30 【正确答案】 Immediate constituent: An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a cons

43、truction. For example, in the sentence “Poor John ran away“, the constituents “Poor John“ and “ran away“ are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.31 【正确答案】 Endocentric construction; An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equ

44、ivalence, to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center, or head. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. Noun phrases like “Lovely Lucy“ are typical endocentric constructions.32 【正确答案】 IC analysis:

45、IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups (or phrases) , which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice

46、, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.33 【正确答案】 It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically mark

47、ed category (or categories). For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue: A: Who is that girl? B: Oh, she is my sister.34 【正确答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It di

48、ffers from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In othe

49、r words, the verb, or the preposition, determines, or governs, the form of the pronoun after it.35 【正确答案】 Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action. In passive voice such as “John was bitten by a dog“, we have two terms “grammatical subject“ and “logical subject“. Since the core object noun (John in this case) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the