[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编26及答案与解析.doc

1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 26 及答案与解析一、填空题1 The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called_. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. (人大 2006 研)2 “The world is like a stage“ is an example of_, and “All the world is a stage“ is an example of_. They a

2、re often used in analyzing features of literary language. (人大2006 研)3 At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them, _ consists of lines in iambic pentameter which does not rhyme. (中山大学 2008 研)4 A_foot contains t

3、wo syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable. (中山大学 2005 研)5 The term_was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology (1890) to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writin

4、g of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. (中山大学 2005 研 )6 Euphemism, which serves as a polite substitute for_, is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears that more direct, wording might be harsh or offensive.二、判断题7 Metonymy is a

5、 kind of figurative language which is usually classed as a type of synecdoche. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa, as the use of “hands“ in “We are short of hands“. (大连外国语学院 2008研)（A）真（B）假8 Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameter

6、s which do not rhyme. (南开大学2004 研)（A）真（B）假9 The initial consonants are identical in alliteration. (南开大学 2004 研)（A）真（B）假10 The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impre

7、ssions in the mind. (南开大学 2004 研)（A）真（B）假11 Authorial style looks closely at how linguistic choices help to construct textual meaning. When we examine it, we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader. (大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）真（B）假12 Th

8、e opinion that a language is primitive reflects the social judgment of the language. (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题13 “Formal“ and “informal“ are features of_. (对外经贸 2005 研)（A）slang（B） lingua franca（C） style（D）jargon14 _is a figurative use of language which implies a comparison between two unlike elem

9、ents. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）Simile（B） Metaphor（C） Metonymy（D）Synecdoche15 The cognitive approach to literature does not include_（A）Figure and Ground（B） Image Schemata（C） Cognitive Metaphor（D）Judgment and comparison四、简答题16 What are the differences between simile and metaphor? (南开大学 2004 研)17 How to anal

10、yze dramatic language? VI. Essay questions五、名词解释18 Foregrounding (北交大 2007 研)19 Speech and thought presentation (中山大学 2006 研)20 Metonymy (北航 2010 研)21 Stylistics22 Third-person narrators六、举例说明题23 What is the relationship between language and literature? (中山大学 2006 研)24 What is the main difference be

11、tween literal language and figurative language? (中山大学 2006 研)25 Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement: “Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.“ (中山大学 2006 研)26 List diff

12、erent types of Speech presentation and Thought presentation.英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 26 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 Stylistics【试题解析】 文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研究文学文体中语言的特征，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。2 【正确答案】 simile；metaphor 。【试题解析】 明喻是通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法，它用 as 或 like 等词在文本中作为明确标志。暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不

13、是直接表达的。3 【正确答案】 Blank verse【试题解析】 不同时代，诗会有不同的韵律模式和语音模式。传统的韵律模式和语音模式包括对句，四行诗，无韵诗等。其中无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。4 【正确答案】 trochee【试题解析】 抑抑格音步即重轻格或长短格，其由一重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。5 【正确答案】 stream of consciousness【试题解析】 意识流写作起初是由威廉姆詹姆斯用来描述思维中印象和观念的自由联系，这种方法的句子结构高度省略。之后许多作家如威廉福克纳，詹姆斯乔伊斯，弗吉尼亚伍尔夫也都在写作中有所用到。6 【正确答案】 taboo exp

14、ressions【试题解析】 凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词，都叫委婉语。特别是发言者或作者怕直接表达会显得没礼貌或太犀利时，可以用委婉语来表达。二、判断题7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。提喻是用事物的一部分名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。所以上述例子使用了提喻。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 在压头韵里，句首的辅音是一致的。10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 意识流写作是由哲学家威廉詹姆斯在他的心理学原理中用来描述思维中印象和观念的

15、自由联系。11 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 作者风格通常是指作者的风格，即“世界观”式的作者风格，是指一种写作方式属于特定作者，可以识别。而文本风格紧密关注的是，语言选择如何帮助建构文本意义。12 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 语言并不是简单的，其具有多样性，个体和社团在语言使用过程中会有其特殊的选择。三、单项选择题13 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 风格一般有正式与非正式之分。14 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 暗喻是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。15 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 从认知角度分析文学有三种方法：图形和背景，意象图式和认知隐喻。四、简答题1

16、6 【正确答案】 Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.Although metaphor also ma

17、kes a comparison between two unlike elements, this comparison is implied rather than stated. That is, it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear. For example, “The life is a stage“ is a metaphor.17 【正确答案】 (1) Turn quantity and lengthHow much a character talks can be in

18、dicative either of their relative importance in the play, or of how important they appear to think they are. Generally speaking, central characters have longer and more speeches than minor characters.(2) Exchange sequence: The patterns of exchange of a dramatic dialogue which are considered appropri

19、ate by speakers of English. For example, the two-part exchanges such as greeting - greeting, question - answer.(3) Production errors: Deliberately used forms such as hesitation to convey something about the character(4) The cooperative principle: this principle is proposed by Grice. He asserted peop

20、le used to make sense of their conversation by enabling them to distinguish between sentence meaning and utterance meaning. He also suggested that people actually break these maxims quite often when they talk.(5) Status marked through language: Many of the properties of language discussed can be use

21、d to signal the relative status and changes in status, of characters. Particularly, language can be used to signal to what extent the relationship between an addresser and addressee is based on a social power difference, and to what extent it is based on solidarity.(6) Register: It is the term used

22、in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use. An example of a linguistic register is legal discourse, we recognize a legal document when we see one, but lawyers are the only people who are trained to produce them using appropriate linguist

23、ic choices.(7) Speech and silence: Concerning female characters in plays, there is evidence that men tend to talk more than women in mixed sex conversations.五、名词解释18 【正确答案】 Foregrounding: This term is meant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is oft

24、en achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism.19 【正确答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating

25、 the narrators speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrators representation of speech acts, and narrators representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into: narrators representation of tho

26、ught, narrators representation of thought acts, indirect thought, free indirect thought, and direct thought.20 【正确答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or conce

27、pt. For instance, “Washington“, as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for the United States government.21 【正确答案】 Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establ

28、ish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.22 【正确答案】 If the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator because reference to all the characters in the fictio

29、nal world of the story will involve the use of the third-person pronouns, it, she, he or they. This second main type of narrator is arguably the dominant narrator type.六、举例说明题23 【正确答案】 Literature is closely related to language. Generally speaking, it is marked by careful use of language, such as cre

30、ative metaphors, elegant syntax, and so on. It reaches to human beings mostly via language. It could be seen as a language in use. The existence of literature owes a lot to language. The language used in literature is quite often different from language used in other fields, such as everyday use.In

31、linguistics, the term “genre“ is used to refer not only to types of literary works but also to any identifiable type of discourse, whether literary or not. Therefore, literature could be viewed as a particular range of genres or discourse types; that is, as a particular subset of the repertory of ge

32、nres, existing in a given speech community. For example, written literature is discourse that may be read at a far distance in time a place from its origin. More generally speaking, literary discourse has many other general linguistic characteristics, such as certain kinds of phonological, syntactic

33、, and semantic phenomena, occuring with much greater frequency in literature than in other kinds of discourse.Whats more, studying the language of literature text as language can enhance our appreciation of the different systems of language organization, because the literary texts often reveal the n

34、ature of the language in which they are written.24 【正确答案】 The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its literal meaning, while figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.Appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways

35、 of looking at the world. It always makes use of a comparison between different things. Figurative language compares two things that are different in enough ways so that their similarities, when pointed out, are interesting, unique and/or surprising. Figurative language uses “figures of speech“ to e

36、xpress something other than the literal meaning of the words, in other words, figurative language cannot be taken literally (or should not be taken literally only). Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, apostrophe, are all forms of figurative language.For example, the literal mean

37、ing of the word “tree“ is “a large plant“. However, once we start talking about a tree in the context of “a family tree“ for example, it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about, but a figurative one. The literal use of the word “tree“ refers to an organism which has bark, branches and leave

38、s. A “family tree“ shares some of these qualities-graphically, a plan of a family and a representation of a tree can look similar, and in a way they are both a process of organic growth, so we use the same term for both. But when we use the term for a plant it is a literal usage and when we use the

39、term to describe our ancestry, it is a figurative usage.25 【正确答案】 The register is what you are speaking at the time, depending on what you are doing and the nature of the activity in which the language is functioning. A register can be defined as a configuration of meanings that are typically associ

40、ated with a particular situational configuration of field, mode, and tenor. Therefore, a register must also include the expressions, the lexico-grammatical and phonological features, which typically accompany or realize these meanings. Text can be seen as an instance of a register.Register is seen a

41、s the linguistic consequence of interacting aspects of context, which Halliday calls “field, tenor, and mode.“ Field refers to the topics and actions which language is used to express. Tenor denotes the language users, their relationships to each other, and their purposes. Mode refers to the channel

42、 through which communication is carried out. These three contextual variables are intended to help the linguist tie linguistic analysis to the relevant contextual variables. By understanding the semiotic properties of a situation (i. e., the values for field, tenor, and mode), language users can pre

43、dict the meanings that are likely to be exchanged and the language likely to be used. And while people are communicating they make predictions by using the values of field, tenor and mode to understand register and that their assessment facilitates their own participation. 26 【正确答案】 (1) Speech prese

44、ntation:Direct speech (DS): With the direct speech, what the character said is in its fullest form and with quotation marks.Indirect speech (IS): The prepositional content of what the speaker said is presented, but it is not stated in the original words.Narrators representation of speech acts (NRSA)

45、 : We don t know what the speaker said, and all we know is that he used the speech act of doing something. It can be regarded as a summary of a longer piece of discourse and give more background information than indirect speech.Narrators representation of speech (NRS): It is a sentence which merely

46、tells us that speech occurred, and which does not even specify the speech act involved.(2) Thought presentation: The categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech.Direct thought (DT): DT tends to be used for presenting conscious, deliberative thought.Free indirect thought (FIT): It refers to a kind of thought presentation between DT and IT, which is certainly not DT, but takes on some features of the thoughts in the characters mind.