[考研类试卷]英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编95及答案与解析.doc

1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 95 及答案与解析英译汉1 The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient descent, a baronet, his name Sir Roger de Coverley. His great-grandfather was inventor of that famous countrydance which is called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted with the p

2、arts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very singular in his behaviour, but his singularities proceed from his good sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world only as he thinks the world is wrong. However, this humor creates him no enemies, for he does nothing with sou

3、rness or obstinacy; and his being unconfined to modes and forms makes him but the readier and more capable to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town, he lives in Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor by reason he was crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the

4、 next county to him. Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you call a fine gentleman, had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege, fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and kicked bully Dawson in a public coffee-house for calling him youngster. But being ill-used

5、by the above-mentioned widow, he was very serious for a year and a half; and though, his temper being naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he grew careless of himself, and never dressed afterward. He continues to wear a coat and doublet of the same cut that were in fashion at the time of repuls

6、e, which, in his merry humours, he tells us, has been in and out twelve times since he first wore it. It is said Sir Roger grew humble in his desires after he had forgot his cruel beauty, insomuch that it is reported he has frequently offended with beggars and gypsies; but this is looked upon, by hi

7、s friends, rather as matter of raillery than truth. He is now in his fifty-sixth year, cheerful , gay and hearty; keeps a good house both in town and country; a great lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful cast in his behaviour, that he is rather beloved than esteemed.2 Honorable Your Excell

8、encies Ministers and delegates, Honorable specially invited guests of Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Region governments, Ladies and gentlemen,I am honored to be present at the Cultural Asia Ministerial Forum along with ministers and delegates in charge of cultural affairs from 23 Asian c

9、ountries as well as specially invited guests of Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Region governments. Looking all around, I see not only many acquaintances but also new faces. The mutual target of achieving Asian prosperity through cultural cooperation offers us an opportunity to gather, to

10、 become acquainted and make friends. The theme of this Cultural Asia Ministerial Forum is “cultural Asia“ Culture resembles a gentle breeze and light rain that nurtures and enriches us; and it also serves as a strong tie that binds and links us.Entering the 21st century, the whole globe is carrying

11、out discussions on preserving cultural diversity against the background of economic globalization. UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, five international network meetings on cultural policies and two Asia-Europe Culture Ministers Meetings gradually bring home to us the importance of

12、regional cooperation to Asian development and the equal stress on politics, economy and culture. Asian countries therefore commence active explorations in regional cultural cooperation based on long-term bilateral cultural exchanges. Two Meetings of the Asian Ministers Responsible for Culture and Ar

13、ts and the AMCA Plus Three, two Regional Expert Meetings and three Asia Cultural Cooperation Forums in Hong Kong were held in Asia. The past five year s was a development phrase of great importance in the world and Asian history of culture and civilization, in which cultural ministers and officials

14、present today participated to varying degrees. (282 words)3 Today, on World Teachers Day, we pay homage to all teachers for their pivotal role in shaping children s lives and for their critical contribution to the social, economic and intellectual development of nations.We take this opportunity to c

15、ommend the efforts of teachers, especially female teachers, who accept to serve in high risk, deprived and disadvantaged areas, reaching out to the excluded, and bringing them the prospect of a better life through education. Teachers are also crucial to sustainable recovery and growth in post-confli

16、ct and emergency situations. We especially honour the memory and commitment of those teachers who have lost their lives in emergency situations.Teachers provide continuity and reassurance, both during and after natural disasters and other crises. By giving hope for the future, they help to mitigate

17、the effects of conflict, disaster and displacement. They provide much-needed psycho-social support to ease the trauma of children and youth who have witnessed extreme violence, or lived through the destruction of their homes and the loss of family members. Supporting teachers in post-crisis situatio

18、ns is an investment in peace and development. Low status, low salary and poor working conditions infringe on the rights of teachers whilst discouraging talented young people from joining and remaining in the teaching profession.The quality of teacher training is equally important. Teachers who are w

19、ell-trained and adequately paid are better equipped to provide a decent education and be active promoters of the values of citizenship, peace and intercultural dialogue. Governments are therefore urged to continue investing in viable national policies and programmes for teacher training, recruitment

20、, and incentives so that teachers remain and develop within the profession. At the same time, we urge development partners to support governments, particularly in developing countries, in their determination to invest in well trained teachers. We also call for greater efforts and structures of socia

21、l dialogue that give teachers a voice in decision-making through their democratically elected organizations. (318 words)4 Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the average cost (cost per unit) associ

22、ated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, economies of scope refers to lowering the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. Here, economies of scope make product diversification efficient if they are based on the common and recurrent use of proprietar

23、y know-how or on an indivisible physical asset. For example, as the number of products promoted is increased, more people can be reached per unit of money spent. At some point, additional advertising expenditure on new products may become less effective ( an example of diseconomies of scope). Relate

24、d examples include distribution of different types of products, product bundling, product lining, and family branding. If a sales force sells several products, it can often do so more efficiently than if it is selling only one product. The cost of its travel time is distributed over a greater revenu

25、e base, so cost efficiency improves. There can also be synergies between products such that offering a range of products gives the consumer a more desirable product offering than would a single product. Economies of scope can also operate through distribution efficiencies: it can be more efficient t

26、o ship a range of products to any given location than to ship a single type of product to that location. Further economies of scope occur when there are cost savings arising from byproducts in the production process. An example would be the benefits of heating from energy production having a positiv

27、e effect on agricultural yields. A company that sells many product lines sells in many countries, or both will benefit from reduced risk levels as a result of its economies of scope. If one of its product lines falls out of fashion or if one country has an economic slowdown, the company will likely

28、be able to continue trading. Not all economists agree on the importance of economies of scope. Some argue that the concept applies only to certain industries, and then only rarely.5 Whatever their political party, American leaders have generally subscribed to one of two competing economic philosophi

29、es. One is a small-government Jeffersonian perspective that abhors bigness and holds that prosperity flows from competition among independent businessmen, farmers and other producers. The other is a Hamiltonian agenda that believes a large, powerful country needs large, powerful organizations. The m

30、ost important of those organizations is the federal government, which serves as a crucial partner to private enterprise, building roads and schools, guaranteeing loans and financing scientific research in ways that individual businesses would not.Today, of course, Republicans are the Jeffersonians a

31、nd Democrats are the Hamiltonians. But it hasnt always been so. The Jeffersonian line includes Andrew Jackson, the leaders of the Confederacy , William Jennings Bryan, Louis Brandeis, Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. The Hamiltonian line includes George Washington, Henry Clay, Abraham Lincoln, Wil

32、liam McKinley, both Roosevelts and Dwight Eisenhower.Michael Linds “Land of Promise“ uses this divide to offer an ambitious economic history of the United States, The book is rich with details more than a few of them surprising and its subject is central to what is arguably the single most impotent

33、question facing the country today: How can our economy grow more quickly, more sustainably and more equitably than it has been growing, both to maintain the United States position as the worlds pre-eminent power and to improve the lives of its citizens?Lind, a founder of the New America Foundation i

34、n Washington and the author of several political histories, acknowledges from the beginning that his thesis will make some readers uncomfortable. “In the spirit of philosophical bipartisanship, it would be pleasant to conclude that each of these traditions of political economy has made its own valua

35、ble contribution to the success of the A-merican economy and that the vector created by these opposing forces has been more beneficial than the complete victory of either would have been,“ he writes.“ But that would not be true,“ he continues. “ What is good about the American economy is largely the

36、 result of the Hamiltonian developmental tradition, and what is bad about it is largely the result of the Jeffersonian producerist school. “英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 95 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 我们协会首先要介绍的是来自伍斯特郡的一位绅士，古老男爵家族的克罗伊的罗杰爵士。他的曾祖父发明了一种著名的乡村舞蹈，并以自己的名字命名，这就是克里维的罗杰爵士舞。凡是熟悉那一带地方的人都十分了解罗杰爵士的才干和建树。罗杰爵士行为异于常人，但这是由于他见

37、解通达，只有当他认为世界不公时，才会背世道而行事。然而，这种幽默并没有使他树敌，这是因为罗杰爵士从不满腹牢骚或固执己见，这种不拘泥于条条框框的行事风格反尔更容易使了解他的人喜欢并追随他。罗杰爵士在镇子里的时候，居住在索霍广场。他一生未娶，据说是因为曾经爱上邻镇一个漂亮却邪恶的寡妇。在那次情场失意之前，罗杰爵士是人们眼中标准的好绅士，他同罗彻斯特伯爵和乔治艾塞利基爵士共进晚餐，在第一次进城时参与决斗，还在公共咖啡厅收拾过喊他“小毛孩” 的恶人道森。可是，自从被前面提到的寡妇利用后，整整一年半的时间，罗杰都情绪低沉，尽管天性开朗的他最终放下了这段感情，但自此之后，他变得得过且过，不修边幅。罗杰还开

38、心的打趣说，他当时穿的紧身内衣加外套非常时尚，而自他穿上那天起到现在，这种搭配已经在时尚界起起落落了十二次了。据说，罗杰爵士放下了那个残忍的美丽寡妇之后，变得无欲无求，也有人说罗杰爵士经常会冒犯乞丐和吉普赛人，不过朋友们都认为这是善意的玩笑，并非属实。罗杰爵士今年五十六岁，是一个轻松、快乐、健壮的老人，在镇上和乡下都有很好的房子，他的一举一动仿佛都能给人带来欢笑，与其说尊重，倒不如说我们爱戴这位老人。2 【正确答案】 尊敬的各位部长阁下、各国代表团成员，尊敬的港澳特别行政区政府特邀嘉宾，女士们、先生们：今天能与亚洲 23 个国家文化艺术主管部门的部长、代表团成员，以及港澳特区政府特邀嘉宾共同出

39、席亚洲文化部长论坛，我感到非常荣幸。环顾会场，我看到许多熟悉的面孔，也看到一些新的面孔。通过文化合作创造亚洲繁荣的共同目标使我们相聚、相识并成为好朋友。这次文化部长论坛的主题叫作“文化亚洲” 。文化犹如春风细雨，滋润着人们的心田，文化犹如坚韧的纽带，把我们的心连在一起。进入 21 世纪，整个世界开展了在经济全球化背景下保持文化多样性的大讨论，联合国教科文组织通过了文化多样性宣言，国际上举行了 5 次文化政策国际网络会议和 2 次亚欧文化部长会议。通过这些有益的活动，亚洲各国逐步认识了区域合作对亚洲发展的重要意义，意识到在区域性合作中应保持政治、经济和文化合作并重，并在长期开展双边交流基础上开始

40、了区域文化合作的积极探索。亚洲地区举行了 2 次东盟与中日韩(10+3)文化部长会议，2 次区域性文化专家会议和 3 次在香港举办的“亚洲文化合作论坛” 。过去的 5 年是世界和亚洲文化与文明史中具有重要意义的发展阶段，今天在座的各位部长和文化官员都不同程度地参与了这一段重要的发展过程。3 【正确答案】 今天是世界教师日，我们在此向所有教师致以崇高敬意，感谢他们在改变儿童命运中发挥的关键作用，以及他们对各国社会、经济和人才发展做出的重要贡献。我们借此机会赞扬教师们，特别是女教师们的辛勤工作。他们勇于到风险大、物质贫乏、条件不利的地区服务，向被排斥者伸出援手，用教育点燃他们对美好生活的憧景。在战

41、后和紧急局势中，教师对可持续复兴和发展也极其重要。我们尤其缅怀那些在紧急局势下牺牲生命的教师，赞扬他们的献身精神。无论是在自然灾难和其他危机发生期间，还是在其过后，教师都起到了承前启后和安抚民心的作用。通过给人们以未来的希望，教师帮助减少了冲突、灾害和流离失所带来的不良影响。他们为儿童和青少年提供急需的社会心理支持，以抚平他们心中因目睹极端暴力、历经家庭毁灭或痛失亲人带来的创伤。支援灾后地区的教师，就是投资和平与发展。地位低下、薪资不高、工作条件恶劣，这一切都侵犯了教师的权利，使那些有才华的年轻人望而却步，不敢加入并留在教师队伍中。师资培训的质量同样重要。训练有素并得到合理报酬的教师，更能提供

42、良好的教育，更有可能成为公民权利、和平和文化对话等价值观的积极宣扬者。因此，我们敦促各国政府继续执行可行的国家政策和计划，并投资教师培训、招聘和激励等项目，使教师们能留在这个行业中并发展提高。另外，我们敦促发展伙伴支持各国政府，特别是发展中国家政府投资于培养训练有素的教师的决心。我们还呼吁加倍努力建立社会对话机制，使教师能够通过他们民主推举的组织，在决策过程中表达自己的意见。4 【正确答案】 范围经济在概念上与规模经济相似。然而，规模经济主要指企业扩大单一产品的生产规模所引起的平均成本(也叫单位成本)的下降，而范围经济则是指企业同时生产两种或两种以上的产品所带来的平均成本的下降。这里，如果基于

43、普遍并反复使用的专有技术或者不可分割的实物资产，那么，范围经济能有效地使产品多样化。例如，随着推广的产品越来越多，花费的每分钱能分摊到更多人身上。从某些程度上来讲，对新产品的额外广告支出可能收效甚微(这一例子属于范围不经济的范畴)。相关例子还包括不同品种产品的分配、产品捆绑、流线生产和家族品牌等等。如果一个销售团队同时销售几种商品，他们的工作效率要比只销售一种产品高得多。团队行程时间成本就分散到更大的收人基数上，因而提高了成本效率。产品之间也能发挥协同优势，繁多的产品种类为顾客提供选择更满意的产品的空间，单一产品则没有这种优势。范围经济也能通过分配效率发挥作用：相比于将单一产品运到某指定地点，

44、范围经济能够同时将多种产品运到该地，效率更高。除此之外，在生产过程中，出现因生产副产品而节约成本的情况时，也会用到范围经济。举例来说，能源生产在供暖的同时，对农业产量也有一定积极影响。生产产品线的公司其产品也销往多国，因为范围经济而降低了风险并从中受益。即使该公司生产的某一产品线过时了，或者某个国家经济放缓，该公司仍能继续开展贸易。并不是所有的经济学家都认可范围经济的重要性。有些人认为范围经济理念只适用于部分产业，而且情况不多见。5 【正确答案】 美国领导人无论属于何种政治党派，一般只会追随两种相互对立的经济学派。一种是主张小政府的杰弗逊流派，该派痛恨大规模，认为繁荣来自独立的商人、农民与其他

45、生产者之间的竞争。另一种是汉密尔顿流派，坚信一个强大的国家需要强大的组织机构。机构中最为重要的是联邦政府，是私营企业至关重要的合作伙伴，修建公路与学校、提供贷款，资助科研，所采取的方式个体企业难以企及。当然，到了今天，共和党人就是杰弗逊派，民主党人则是汉密尔顿派。但也并非总是如此。属于杰弗逊流派的就有安德鲁?杰克逊、南部邦联各领导、威廉? 詹宁斯?布赖恩、路易斯? 布兰代斯、巴里 ?戈德华特与罗纳德 ?里根。属于汉密尔顿流派的有乔治?华盛顿、亨利 ?克莱、亚伯拉罕 ?林肯、威廉?麦金莱、老罗斯福和小罗斯福及德怀特?艾森豪威尔。迈克尔?林德的 希望的乐土 以此作为分界线，写出一部宏阔的美国经济史。该书史料丰富，其中不少令人惊喜，而其主题则对可谓美国今日面对的唯一至关重要的问题影响重大：我们的经济怎样才能更快、更持续与更公平地发展，从而保持美国作为世界强国的地位并改善本国国民的生活?林德是华盛顿新美基金会的创始人，著有多部政治史书籍，在本书中一开始他便坦承，自己的论点会使一些读者不太舒服。“本着哲学两派的精神，这些政治经济学流派对美国经济的成功各自做出了有价值的贡献，相互对立的作用力所产生的动力比任何一方的完胜更为有利，做出如此结论自然皆大欢喜，”他在书中写道。“但其实不是这样， ”他接着写道。 “美国经济的优点，主要缘于汉密尔顿一派的发展观，而其缺点则大多源自杰弗逊一派的生产观。”