[外语类试卷]托福（阅读）模拟试卷3（无答案）.doc

1、托福（阅读）模拟试卷 3（无答案）一、Sections Three ：Reading Comprehension0 “Beowulf“Historical BackgroundThe epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is the earliest existing Germanic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in Old English, the

2、 tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which Germanic tribes emigrated to England. Beowulf comes from Geatland, the southeastern part of what is now Sweden. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives near what is now Leire, on Zealand, Denmarks largest island. The Beowulf epic contains three maj

3、or tales about Beowulf and several minor tales that reflect a rich Germanic oral tradition of myths, legends, and folklore.The Beowulf warriors have a foot in both the Bronze and Iron Ages. Their mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen, and their wooden shields, wood-shafted

4、 spears, and bronze-hilted swords are those of the Bronze Age warrior. However, they carry iron-tipped spears, and their best swords have iron or iron-edged blades. Beowulf also orders an iron shield for his fight with a dragon. Iron replaced bronze because it produced a blade with a cutting edge th

5、at was stronger and sharper. The Northmen learned how to forge iron in about 500 b.c. Although they had been superior to the European Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make and design iron work. Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the form of “bog-ir

6、on“ found in the layers of peat in peat bogs.The Beowulf epic also reveals interesting aspects of the lives of the Anglo-Saxons who lived in England at the time of the anonymous Beowulf poet. The Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, invaded England from about a.d. 450 to

7、 600. By the time of the Beowulf poet, Anglo-Saxon society in Engiand was neither primitive nor uncultured. AAlthough the Beowulf manuscript was written in about a.d. 1000, it was not discovered until the seventeenth century. B Scholars do not know whether Beowulf is the sole surviving epic from a f

8、lourishing Anglo-Saxon literary period that produced other great epics or whether it was unique even in its own time. C Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime between the late seventh century and the early ninth century. If they are correct, the original manuscript was proba

9、bly lost during the ninth-century Viking invasions of Anglia, in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their great libraries. However, other scholars think that the poets favorable attitude toward the Danes must place the epics composition after the Viking invasions and at the st

10、art of the eleventh century, when this Beowulf manuscript was written.The identity of the Beowulf poey is also uncertain. D He apparently was a Christian who loved the pagan heroic tradition of his ancestors and blended the values of the pagan hero with the Christian values of his own country and ti

11、me. Because he wrote in the Anglian dialect, he probably was either a monk in a monastery or a poet in an Anglo-Saxon court located north of the Thames River.Appeal and ValueBeowulf interests contemporary readers for many reasons. First, it is an outstanding adventure story. Grendel, Grendels mother

12、, and the dragon are marvelous characters, and each fight is unique, action-packed, and exciting. Second, Beowulf is a very appealing hero. He is the perfect warrior, combining extraordinary strength, skill, courage, and loyalty. Like Hercules, he devotes his life to making the world a safer place.

13、He chooses to risk death in order to help other people, and he faces his inevitable death with heroism and dignity. Third, the Beowulf poet is interested in the psychological aspects of human behavior. For example, the Danish heros welcoming speech illustrates his jealousy of Beowulf. The behavior o

14、f Beowulfs warriors in the dragon fight reveals their cowardice. Beowulfs attitudes toward heroism reflect his maturity and experience, while King Hrothgars attitudes toward life show the experiences of an aged nobleman.Finally, the Beowulf poet exhibits a mature appreciation of the transitory natur

15、e of human life and achievement. In Beowulf, as in the major epics of other cultures, the hero must create a meaningful life in a world that is often dangerous and uncaring. He must accept the inevitability of death. He chooses to reject despair; instead, he takes pride in himself and in his accompl

16、ishments, and he values human relationships.1 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Beowulf?（A）It is the only manuscript from the Anglo-Saxon period.（B） The original story was written in a German dialect.（C） The author did not sign his name to the poem.（D）It is one of severa

17、l epics from the first century.2 The word which in the passage refers to（A）tale（B） Scandinavia（C） manuscripts（D）Old English3 Why does the author mention “bog-iron“ in paragraph 2?（A）To demonstrate the availability of iron in Scandinavia（B） To prove that iron was better than bronze for weapons（C） To

18、argue that the Celts provided the materials to make iron（D）To suggest that 500 b.c. was the date that the Iron Age began4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.（

19、A）Society in Anglo-Saxon England was both advanced and cultured.（B） The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive or cultured.（C） The Anglo-Saxons had a society that was primitive, not cultured.（D）England during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced, not cultured.5 The word unique in the passage

20、is closest in meaning to（A）old（B） rare（C） perfect（D）weak6 According to paragraph 4, why do many scholars believe that the original manuscript for Beowulf was lost?（A）Because it is not like other manuscripts（B） Because many libraries were burned（C） Because the Danes were allies of the Anglo-Saxons（D）

21、Because no copies were found in monasteries7 In paragraph 4, the author suggests that Beowulf was discovered in the（A）first century（B） ninth century（C） eleventh century（D）seventeenth century8 Why does the author of this passage use the word “apparently“ in paragraph 5?（A）He is not certain that the a

22、uthor of Beowulf was a Christian.（B） He is mentioning facts that are obvious to the readers.（C） He is giving an example from a historical reference.（D）He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf.9 The author compared the Beowulf character to Hercules because（A）they are both examples of th

23、e ideal hero（B） their adventures with a dragon are very similar（C） the speeches that they make are inspiring（D）they lived at about the same time10 The word exhibits in the passage is closest in meaning to（A）creates（B） demonstrates（C） assumes（D）terminates11 The word reject in the passage is closest i

24、n meaning to（A）manage（B） evaluate（C） refuse（D）confront12 Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowulf is a copy of an earlier manuscript.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square to

25、insert the sentence in the passage.13 An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are no

26、t included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Beowulf is the oldest Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day.-Answer ChoicesA The Northmen were adept in crafting tools and weapons made of bronze, but the Celts were superior in desig

27、ning and working in iron.B In the Viking invasions of England, the Danish armies destroyed monasteries, some of which contained extensive libraries.C King Hrothgar and Beowulf become friends at the end of their lives, after having spent decades opposing each other on the battlefield.D The poem chron

28、icles life in Anglo-Saxon society during the Bronze and Iron Ages when Germanic tribes were invading England.E Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous poet, probably a Christian, about 1000 a.d., it was not found until the seventeenth century.F Beowulf is still interesting because it has engagi

29、ng characters, an adventurous plot, and an appreciation for human behavior and relationships.13 “Thermoregulation“Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38C for most mammals and 39-42C for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment.

30、Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produc

31、e large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering; In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increas

32、e their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mamm

33、als and birds in cold environments can increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5 to 10 times above the minimal levels that occur in warm conditions.Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces

34、 the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping a thicker layer of air. A Humans rely more on a layer of fat just beneath the skin as insulation; goose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising left

35、over from our furry ancestors. B Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heat exchange and may contribute to regional temperature differences within the animal. C For example, heat loss from a human is reduced when arms and legs cool to several degrees below the temperature of the body core,

36、 where most vital organs are located. DHair loses most of its insulating power when wet. Marine mammals such as whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulation fat called blubber, just under the skin. Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core temperature, and many species spend

37、 at least part of the year in nearly freezing polar seas. The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapidly than heat loss to air, and the skin temperature of a marine mammal is close to water temperature. Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body

38、core temperatures of about 36-38C with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. The flippers or tail of a whale or seal lack insulating blubber, but countercurrent heat exchangers greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many birds.Thro

39、ugh metabolic heat production, insulation, and vascular adjustments, birds and mammals are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees, which weigh only 20 grams, can remain active and hold body temperature nearly constant at 40C in environmental temp

40、eratures as low as -40Cas long as they have enough food to supply the large amount of energy necessary for heat production.Many mammals and birds live in places where thermoregulation requires cooling off as well as warming. For example, when a marine mammal moves into warm seas, as many whales do w

41、hen they reproduce, excess metabolic heat is removed by vasodilation of numerous blood vessels in the outer layer of the skin. In hot climates or when vigorous exercise adds large amounts of metabolic heat to the body, many terrestrial mammals and birds may allow body temperature to rise by several

42、degrees, which enhances heat loss by increasing the temperature gradient between the body and a warm environment.Evaporative cooling often plays a key role in dissipating the body heat. If environmental temperature is above body temperature, animals gain heat from the environment as well as from met

43、abolism, and evaporation is the only way to keep body temperature from rising rapidly. Panting is important in birds and many mammals. Some birds have a pouch richly supplied with blood vessels in the floor of the mouth; fluttering the pouch increases evaporation. Pigeons can use evaporative cooling

44、 to keep body temperature close to 40C in air temperatures as high as 60C, as long as they have sufficient water. Many terrestrial mammals have sweat glands controlled by the nervous system. Other mechanisms that promote evaporative cooling include spreading saliva on body surfaces, an adaptation of

45、 some kangaroos and rodents for combating severe heat stress. Some bats use both saliva and urine to enhance evaporative cooling.GlossaryATP: energy that drives certain reactions in cells mitochondria: a membrane of ATP14 According to paragraph 1, the most fundamental adaptation to maintain body tem

46、perature is（A）the heat generated by the metabolism（B） a shivering reflex in the muscles（C） migration to a warmer environment（D）higher caloric intake to match heat loss15 Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term “thermogenesis“?（A）Heat loss that must be rever

47、sed（B） The adaptation of brown fat tissue in the neck（C） The maintenance of healthy environmental conditions（D）Conditions that affect the metabolism16 Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leav

48、e out important information.（A）An increase in heat production causes muscle activity such as moving or shivering.（B） Muscle activity like moving and shivering will increase heat production.（C） Moving and shivering are muscle activities that increase with heat.（D）When heat increases, the production o

49、f muscle activity also increases.17 The word minimal in the passage is closest in meaning to（A）most recent（B） most active（C） newest（D）smallest18 In paragraph 2, the author explains the concept of vasodilation and vasoconstriction by（A）describing the evolution in our ancestors（B） giving an example of heat loss in the extremities（C） comparing the process in humans and animals（D）identifying various types of insulation19 The word regulate in the passage is closest in meaning to（A）protect（B） create（C） reduce（D）control20 According to paragraph 3, why do many marine