1、Real Property Operations and Maintenance WEED CONTROL AND PLANT GROWTH REG U LATI ON This manual replaces MO-314 “Control of Non-Cropland Weeds” MO 314 24 May 1989 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- m 3515789 087b49L 45b DEPARTMENTS OF
2、THE AIR FORCE, THE ARMY AND THE NAVY Washington DC 20330-5000 AFM 91-19 TM5-629 NAVFAC MO-3 14 24 May 1989 Real Propery Operations and Maintenance WEED CONTROL AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATION This publication provides Department of Defense personnel with guidance and technical information on controlling
3、 weeds in noncropland, turf, ornamental plantings, and aquatic sites; and using plant growth regulators (PGR). It should be used by both appropriated and nonappropriated fund activities, including US Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units and members. Weed control and plant growth regulation
4、 must be managed by well informed professional personnel. Submit recommendations for changes through channels to: (a) Department of the Air Force-Air Force Engineering and Services Center (HQ AFESC/DEh ) Department of the Army-Director, Engineering and Housing Support Center (CEHSC-FN), Fort Belvoir
5、 VA 22060-5580; and Department of the Navy-Naval Facilities Engineering Command Code 2042 (Natural Resources Branch) and Code 112B (Applied Biology Program), 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria VA 22232. Attachment 1 is a glossary of terns used in this publication. The use of names of specific commercial
6、 products, commodities, or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the miiiary services. Paragraph Page Chapter 1 - General Information Section A-Use of Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators Beneficial Uses . Limitations and Requirements Annuals and Biennials . Perennial Plants C
7、ommon and Trade Names Active Chemical Content and Formulations Modes of Action of Herbicides . Toxicity and Volatility . General Information Operator and Handler . Livestock and Domestic Animals. . Desirable Plants Fish and Wildlife . Damage to Equipment. Section B - Biology of Plants Section C - Ch
8、aracteristics of Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators Section D - Hazards to Non-Target Organisms Chapter 2 - Selecting, Using, Storing, and Disposing of Herbicides Section A - Selecting Herbicides Analyzing the Situation Choosing a Formulation . 1-1 6 1-2 6 1-3 6 1-4 7 1-5 7 1-6 7 1-7 8 1-8 9 1-9
9、 9 1-10 9 1-11 10 1-12 10 1-13 11 1-14 11 2- 1 12 2-2 12 Supersedes AFM 91-19RM 5-629hJAVFAC MO-3 14, August 1970. (See signature page for summary of changes.) No. of Printed Pages: 178 OPR: HQ AFESCDEMM (Mr H. W. Fordham) Approved by: HQ USAFLEE (Mr Gary S. Flora) Writer-Editor: R. M. Downey Distri
10、bution: See page 65 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 AFM 91-19RM 5429lNAVFAC MO-314 24 May 1989 cornparhg costs . A Systematic Approach Application Rates Effects of weather Counteracting Misapplications and Spills Flash Points . Temp
11、erature and Moisture . Facilities and Procedures . Waste Herbicides and Containers . Hazardous Waste Requirements Effective Herbicides Section B Using Herbicides Section C Storing Herbicides Section D Disposing of Herbicides Chapter 3 Vegetation Control in Semi-Improved and Unimproved Grounds Sectio
12、n A Methods of Vegetation Control Earth Forms and Structures Land Management Practices . Recommended Herbicides . Problems With Bare Soil . Using Soil Sterilants., Control With Combinations of Herbicides . Practical Considerations . Foliage Sprays Basai Sprays . Cut Surface and Injection Treatments
13、. Soil Treatments . Paved Areas Weapons Ranges Railway Areas Section B Controlling All Vegetation Section C Controlling Woody Vegetation Section D Controlling Vegetation in Special Areas Roadsides and fights-of-Way Chapter 4 Weed Control in Improved Grounds-Tuf and Horticultural Plantings Section A
14、Controlling Weeds in Turf The Importance of Good culhuai Practices Adjusting Soil pH . Fertilizing Tiirf . Watering Turf Mowing Turf . Aerating, Verticutting, and Dethatching . Using Selective Herbicides Section B Renovating Turf and Treating New Seedings Spot Infestations and Degraded Tiuf Renovati
15、ng Turf with Herbicides Renovating Turf by Tilling Controlling Persistent Weeds with Soil Fumigation Controlling Weeds in New Seedings . 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-1 o 2-1 1 2-12 2-13 3-1 3 -2 3 -3 3-4 3 -5 3-6 3 -7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-1 1 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-1
16、1 4-12 Page 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 28 28 29 29 29 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- 3515789 08761193 229 AFM 91-19lM 5-629lNAVFAC MO-314 24 May 1989 3 Paragrap
17、h Page Section C Controlling Weeds iii Horticultural Plmthgs Uses of Herbicides 4-13 30 Selecting Herbicides . 4-14 30 30 Hazards of Soil Sterilants 4-1 6 30 Recommended Treatments . 4-17 30 Measuring Small Quantities of Herbicides . 4-15 Section D Controlling Vegetation Around Structures Chapter 5
18、Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) Section A General Information Uses of PGRs Limitations of PGRs Areas Where PGRs May be Useful . Available PGRs n-Site Evaluation . Applying PGRs . Step-by-Step Procedures . Diagnosing Common Problems . Section B Using PGRs Complenientary Practices 5-1 5 -2 5-3 5-4 5 -5
19、5-6 5 -7 5 -8 5 -9 Chapter 6 Dctermining the Cost-Effectiveness of PGR Section A General Discussion The Importance of Determining Cost.Effectiveness Calculating aid Documenting Costs of Alternatives . 6- 1 6-2 An Illustrative Example 6-3 Personnel Costs . 6-4 Equipment Costs . 6-5 Cost of Grounds Ma
20、inteiiance Operations . 6-6 Section B Determining Costs Section C Determining Cost-Effectiveness Effkctiveness-Rates aiid Efectiveness-Periods of PGRs Calculating the Cost-Effectiveness of Using PGRs 6-7 6-8 A Method of Estimating Cost-Effectiveness 6-9 Chapter 7 Controlling Aquatic Weeds Section A
21、General Considerations Aquatic Eiiviroments Growth Habits of Aquatic Weeds . Depth and Gradient . Bottom Liners Shaping Banks and Reducing Obstructions . Draiiung and Drying Fertilizing aiid Shading Section B Construction Aids Section C Management Practices Section D Mechanical Removal Hand Pulling
22、. Mowing and Draglining Herbivorous Fish . Other Biological Control Agents Section E Biological Control Fish 7- 1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-1 O 7-1 1 31 31 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 38 47 48 50 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
23、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3515389 O87b494 Lb5 4 AFM 91-191TM 5429INAVFAC MO314 24 May 1989 Paragraph Page Recommended Herbicides . 7-12 54 Safety Considerations . 7-13 54 Section F - Using Herbicides Chapter 8 - Application Equipment 8-1 55 General Information Ground Spraying Equipm
24、ent . 8-2 55 Granule Application Equipment 8-3 58 Aquatic Application Equipment Aerial Spraying Equipment 8 -5 59 Fumigation Equipment 8-6 59 Cleaning Equipment and Preparing It for Storage 8-4 59 60 8-7 Chapter 9 - Mixing Materials, Calibrating Equipment, and Calculating Aquatic Herbi- cide Require
25、ments Section A - Mixing Materials Determining Ta to control weeds along highways and railroads; to suppress woody plants in grasslands and utility rights-of- way; to eliminate weeds in ornamental plantings, turf, and aquatic sites; and to slow the growth of turf grasses and other vegetation. Under
26、certain conditions, these chemicals can be used to reduce maintenance costs and to eliminate hazardous mechanical operations. 1-2. Limitations and Requirements: a. Failure or poor control may result from selecting the wrong herbicide or plant growth regulator, improper mixing of chemicals, poor timi
27、ng or method of treatment, and Unsatisfac- tory conditions at the time of application. The conditions required for effective use; the poten- tial for injury to desirable plants; and the hazards of the chemical to the operator, live- stock, wildlife, and other nontarget organisms should be considered
28、 in choosing a herbicide or growth regulator. b. The choice of a herbicide or growth regula- tor must include a study of the label. Rates and times of application, hazards, warnings, and cautions are stated on the label of each product. It is required by law that the label be followed. Cautions on a
29、ll herbicide labels must be care- fully observed. c. Approval must be obtained from the major command (MAJCOM or MACOM) or engineer- ing field division (EFD) pest management con- sultant before a herbicide can be used on a military installation. Such approval is included in the installation pest man
30、agement plan re- quired by DODD 4150.7 OD Pest Manage- ment Program). Early planning is important to allow time for approval so that treatments can be timely. Timing of application is often critical. INFORMATION d. where contamination of a drinking-water supply is possible, only those herbicides ap-
31、 proved for use in potable water by the MAJ- COM or EFD pest management consultant will be applied. e. Restricted use herbicides, such as picloram and paraquat, can be applied only by, or under, the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Section B - Biology of Plants 1-3. Annuals and Biennial
32、s. Plants are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials, based on their life spans, and this is closely related to the ways they reproduce. All weeds pass through four stages of growth: seedling, vegetative, flowering, and maturity, and each class of weed (annual, biennial, and perennial) has
33、a growth stage that is most susceptible to control. These aspects of plant biology dictate control strate- gies. a. Annuals are plants that set seed and ma- ture in one season. Seed is required for their initial establishment in temperate climates. Fox- tail, crabgrass, common ragweed, wild buck- wh
34、eat, and several mustards are examples. A variation of the true annual is the winter annual, which germinates in the fall, lives over winter, and matures early in the next season. Penny- cress, common chickweed, corn cockle, downy bromegrass, and shepherd?s purse are examples of winter annuals. (1)
35、Individual plants may produce thou- sands or, in some instances, hundreds of thou- sands of seeds that provide an enormous source of new plants. Many of these seeds remain alive for years. The high production of seed, the buildup of seeds in the soil, and the length of time the seeds remain viable i
36、n the soil are nature?s way of ensuing that annual plants will be peipetuated. These properties of annuals make eradication almost impossible. (2) The seedling stage of growth, at which time the plants are small, succulent, and actively growing, is the best time to apply herbicides to annuals. As th
37、e plant grows and passes through the other stages, control becomes more difficult. If the top growth is killed before seed is produced, the lifecycle of that plant is ended, since it cannot recover, but the reservoir of seeds Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted witho
38、ut license from IHS-,-,- 3535789 087b497 974 AFM 91-19/TM 5-629PiAVFAC MO-314 24 May 1989 7 in the soil may produce new piants for many years. b. Biennials require two growing seasons to complete their reproductive cycle. The first years growth is purely vegetative, with top growth usually confined
39、to a rosette of leaves. They are dormant during the winter and in the second season develop stalks with flowers and seeds. Because of this, they are easily confused with winter annuals, Because they reproduce only by seed, they can be treated like muds. Burdock, evening primrose, common mullein, and
40、 wild carrot are examples of biennials. 1-4. Perennial Plants: a. Perennials are plants that live more than 2 years. Many have several means of reproduc- tion. In addition to reproducing by seed, they may reproduce vegetatively with the aid of storage organs in the form of stolons (prostrate abovegr
41、ound stems), rhizomes (prostrate under- ground stems), bulbs, corms, and storage roots. Food is stored in these organs by the plant, and can be used when new growth occurs. New shoots may come from buds that live on these stored food reserves until the new plants become established. Unlike annuals,
42、the top growth of many perennials may be killed, and still the plants can live and propagate by means of their belowground storage organs and dormant buds. b. To control a perennial plants vegetative reproduction, the plants food reserves must be materially reduced, or its storage organs and buds mu
43、st be destroyed. The food the plant stores is the excess manufactured by the green leaves and stems, over and above what is neces- sary for growth. Therefore, if photosynthesis can be prevented, the buildup of reserves will be curbed. c. Cultural methods of control are designed to allow new growth t
44、o use up the plants food reserves. New shoots draw on stored food for about 10 days after emerging. At this time the top growth is killed. This is repeated until the plants food reserves are exhausted. The cultiva- tion cycle usually takes 3 to 5 weeks, depending on the species and growing condition
45、s, and the program often must be continued for at least two growing seasons. d. Chemical control may also require repeated applications to deplete the plants supply of nutrients. While perennials do have a seedling stage, and control is easiest at this point, most are very inconspicuous, and accurat
46、e identifica- tion is difficult. Also, shoots that emerge from established roots are not seedlings and are more difficult to control. During their vegetative stage, perennials are not very susceptible to herbicides because they are drawing on their stored nutrients and not absorbing them from the su
47、rrounding environment. Control of peren- nials is best achieved during the bud and subse- quent regrowth stage. As the plant is actively setting buds in order to reproduce, its food reserves are at their lowest levels, thus making it more susceptible to chemical control. Treatment at the early flowe
48、ring stage is generally as effective as during the bud stage, but, when perennials reach full flowering, control levels decline drastically. e. Quackgrass, Canada thistle, Johnsongrass, buttercup, and nutsedge are examples of peren- nials that are diffcult to control. Some herbi- cides, however, are
49、 effective even on these hard-to-control perennials. Section C - characteristics of Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators 1-5. Common and Trade Names. Common names and designations of herbicides and growth regulators used in this publication are those accepted or preferred by the Weed Science Society of America and the American National Standards institute. Chemical names are those preferred by Chemical Abstracts Service of the American Chemical Society. T
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