NEMA Z535 3-2011 Criteria for Safety Symbols《安全符号标准》.pdf

1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationANSI Z535.3-2011Criteria for SafetySymbolsANSI Z535.3-2011 Revision of ANSI Z535.3-2007 American National Standard Criteria for Safety Symbols Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved July 19, 2011 Publ

2、ished September 15, 2011 American National Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI Z535.3-2011 DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not n

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17、ceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Rosslyn, VA 22209 Copyright 2011 by National Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights reserved includi

18、ng translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic re

19、trieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ANSI Z535.3-2011 ii Contents Foreword . v 1 Introduction 1 2 Scope and purpose 1 2.1 Scope 1 2.2 Purpose . 1 3 Application 1 3.1 Intent . 1 3.2 Existing American National Stan

20、dards 1 4 Definitions 1 5 Safety symbol types, surround shapes, and colors . 3 5.1 General . 3 5.2 Hazard Alerting . 3 5.3 Mandatory Action 3 5.4 Prohibition . 3 5.5 Information 3 6 Graphic design considerations . 3 6.1 Procedure for the design of new safety symbols 3 6.2 Safety symbol size 4 6.3 Sa

21、fety symbol placement 4 6.4 Safety symbol environment . 4 7 Safety symbol selection criteria . 4 7.1 With demonstrated understandability 4 7.2 Without demonstrated understandability. 4 7.2.1 Safety symbol training/recognition procedure 4 8 Normative references . 4 8.1 General . 4 8.2 American Nation

22、al Standards . 4 Figures 1 The Safety Alert Symbol 2 A1 Multi-Panel Safety Sign without Surround Shape and Color on Symbol . 5 A2 Safety Alert Symbol 6 A3 Prohibition Symbol . 6 A4 Multi-Panel Safety Sign with Surround Shape and Color on Symbol 6 ANSI Z535.3-2011 iii A5 Examples of Hazard Alerting S

23、ymbols . 7 A6 Layout for Hazard Alerting Safety Symbol . 7 A7 Examples of Mandatory Action Symbols . 8 A8 Layout for Mandatory Action Safety Symbol 8 A9 Examples of Prohibition Symbols 8 A10 Layout for Prohibition Safety Symbol . 9 A11 Examples of Safe Condition Symbols 9 A12 Layout for InformationS

24、afe Condition Safety Symbol 10 A13 Examples of Fire Safety Symbols 10 A14 Layout for InformationFire Safety Symbol 11 A15 Consistent Versus Non-Consistent Symbols for Personal Protective Equipment . 11 A16 Representational Versus Abstract Symbols for Fire Alarm Call Point . 12 A17 Hazard Description

25、 and Hazard Avoidance Symbols 13 A18 Dramatic Action Versus Abstract Symbol for Electric Shock . 13 A19 Solid Graphic Form Represents Hazardous Element; Outline Form Puts Hazardous Element in Context . 14 A20 Symbols Showing Use of Solid Human Form 15 A21 Correct and Conflicting Directions . 15 A22

26、Examples of Determinants . 16 A23 Abstract Symbol with Text 16 A24 Prohibition Symbol: Correct Use and Incorrect Use 18 A25 Arrows as Defined in ISO 11684 and IEC 60418 19 A26 The Human Figure Unit System . 20 A27 Stationary Freestanding Human Figure . 20 A28 Animation of the Human Figure . 21 A29 P

27、rofile Heads 21 A30 Upper Body 22 A31 Standardized Hand Positions . 22 A32 Examples of Symbols Using Hand Profiles 23 A33 Symbols Showing the Upper Body with Hands . 23 A34 Foot 24 A35 Feet Added . 24 A36 Depicting Hazard with and without Blood 24 B1 Flowchart for Evaluating Candidate Safety Symbols

28、 . 32 B2 Example of Respondent Information Sheet . 33 B3 Example of Questionnaire for Comprehension Estimation 34 B4 Sample Symbol Test Administration Instructions and Booklet 35 ANSI Z535.3-2011 iv B5 Sample Pictorial Context 38 Tables B1 Comprehension Equivalencies 31 Annexes A Principles and Guid

29、elines for Graphical Design of Safety Symbols 5 B General Procedures for Evaluating Candidate Safety Symbols 25 C Informative References 39 ANSI Z535.3-2011 v Foreword In 1979, the ANSI Z53 Committee on Safety Colors was combined with the ANSI Z35 Committee on Safety Signs to form the ANSI Z535 Comm

30、ittee on Safety Signs and Colors. The Z535 Committee has the following scope: To develop standards for the design, application, and use of signs, colors, and symbols intended to identify and warn against specific hazards and for other accident prevention purposes. While the basic mission and fundame

31、ntal purpose of the ANSI Z535 Committee is to develop, refine, and promote a single, uniform graphic system used for communicating safety and accident prevention information, the Z535 Committee recognizes that this information can also be effectively communicated using other graphic systems. The Z53

32、5 Committee created subcommittees to update the ANSI Z53 and Z35 standards, and to write new standards. To date, the following six standards comprise the ANSI Z535 series: ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors ANSI Z53.1-1979 was updated and combined into this standard in 1991 ANSI Z535.2 Environmental and Faci

33、lity Safety Signs ANSI Z35.1-1972 and Z35.4-1972 were updated and combined into this standard in 1991 ANSI Z535.3 Criteria for Safety Symbols new in 1991 ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels new in 1991 ANSI Z535.5 Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards) ANSI Z35.2-1974 was up

34、dated and combined into this standard in 1991 ANSI Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product Manuals, Instructions, and Other Collateral Materials new in 2006 Together, these six standards contain information needed to specify formats, colors, and symbols for safety signs used in environmental an

35、d facility applications, product applications, temporary safety tags and barricade tapes, and for safety information in literature that accompanies products. Published separately is the ANSI Z535 Safety Color Chart. This chart gives the user a sample of each of the safety colors: red, orange, yellow

36、, green, blue, purple, brown, grey, white and black. It also describes each colors ink formulation and closest PANTONE color. This ANSI Z535.3 standard was prepared by Subcommittee Z535.3 on Criteria for Safety Symbols. Other Z535 standards have provisions for a safety sign with an optional center s

37、ymbol panel containing a graphic depiction of the message in the message panel, using the safety symbol criteria contained in this standard. The foreword and all annexes in this standard are considered to be “informative“ which, in the vocabulary of standards writing, means that the content presente

38、d is for informational purposes only and is not considered to be mandatory or prescriptive in nature. The body of this standard is “normative” which means that the content is considered to be mandatory or prescriptive. The ANSI Z535.3 standard was first published in 1991 and revised in 1998. The 199

39、8 revision refined and added substance to the structure of the 1991 version (see Deppa et al., 1997; Annex C5, Reference 6). The forty-one referents in the original ANSI Z535.3 standard were selected because they addressed some of the most common, general, or critical hazards. The ANSI Subcommittee

40、Z535.3 on Criteria for Safety Symbols reassessed the symbol examples illustrating these referents, both to ensure that the symbols had passed comprehension testing, and to improve the depiction of these symbols in the standard. Further, the ANSI Z535 Committee recognized that this finite set of refe

41、rents addressed only a fraction of the hazard referents for which safety symbols are needed. Since the committees philosophy was to not alter the scope of referents in the standard, their approach to meeting the need for new symbols was twofold: 1) provide the guidance necessary to create legible, s

42、tandardized symbols; and 2) provide general procedures for comprehension testing symbols. Therefore, the 1998 revision contained the following changes: ANSI Z535.3-2011 vi Safety Symbol Example and Depiction Changes Non-passing symbols were: 1) replaced with passing symbols or deleted; or 2) in the

43、case of borderline comprehension, moved from the body of the standard to an annex. These changes resulted from researching the symbol testing results and determining that some symbols had not passed the required 85% recognition testing. The subcommittee had non-passing and non-tested symbols compreh

44、ension tested, along with other symbol alternatives that address the same referents, in an attempt to identify symbols that could pass the comprehension testing for those referents. Surround shapes were discouraged from use with most symbols, except for prohibition and the safety alert symbol. Illus

45、trating the symbols in the 1991 version with surround shapes misled users to think that surround shapes were preferred, when in fact, a surround shape competes with the actual symbol for the available space. It was clarified that color generally should be used only for the safety red Prohibition sym

46、bol and safety red fire-related symbols. The 1991 version was probably not clear enough in that it appeared to mandate symbols with background colors. Test references were added so potential users could access testing details to determine whether previous testing is analogous to their situation or w

47、hether they may need to retest before using a symbol on their product. Addition of Safety Symbol Creation Guidelines In order to encourage both good symbol design and a degree of consistency between existing and new symbols, the revision included expanded guidelines for the creation of new symbols f

48、or new referents. Test Procedure Changes Multiple choice tests were discouraged since these tests are typically less accurate than open-ended testing in measuring the subjects comprehension of symbols, primarily because they limit the range of answers allowed. Testing safety symbols in context was e

49、ncouraged, since using words or pictures to convey where a label would be located is a fairer test of a symbol than testing without giving context. Progressive testing was described and encouraged to screen out poor symbols early, thereby limiting resource expenditures prior to full open-ended testing. Information on how to conduct comprehension tests was improved and expanded, including providing detailed guidance and actual examples of test administration materials. In revising the ANSI Z535.3-1998 standard, work to retest the symbol examples and to rewrite the