1、 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT Airborne Chemicals in Aircraft Cabins Issued 2005-02 AIR4766/2 FOREWORDAirborne chemicals occur in aircraft cabin air; measuring campaigns conducted since the early 1980s have measured or evidenced the presence of over 300 different chemical species in cabin air. Airbor
2、ne chemicals may be introduced into the cabin air from: Outside sources, such as airport or atmospheric environment Engine/APU emissions from operation and from ingestion of aircraft fluids including jet fuel, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and de-icing fluids Airline operations such as pesticide appl
3、ication or maintenance activities In-cabin sources, such as human metabolites and pathogens, cleaning products, off-gassing of furnishings materials, passenger carry-on baggage contents, food and beverage services and electrical failures Airplane systems such as Air Conditioning Systems (ACS), bleed
4、 and recirculated air system components Cabin air contaminant levels are normally low and safe. However, even at low concentrations, airborne chemicals may adversely affect passenger and crew comfort, due to possible odor or irritation effects. Increased contamination levels from leaks or equipment
5、wear or failure may affect occupant comfort, health and flight safety. Reaffirmed 2011-01SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability
6、and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestio
7、ns. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DO
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9、E AIR4766/2 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE.4 2. REFERENCES.4 2.1 Applicable Documents .4 2.1.1 SAE Publications5 2.1.2 FAA Publications5 2.1.3 Federal Register.8 2.1.4 JAR Joint Aviation Requirements Part 23 and 25 8 2.1.5 U.S. National Transportation Safety Board Publications8 2.1.6 U.S. Departme
10、nt of Defense Publications9 2.1.7 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Publications 9 2.1.8 ASTM Publications.9 2.1.9 ASHRAE Publications9 2.1.10 Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority .10 2.1.11 U.K. Civil Aviation Authority .102.1.12 Swedish Statens haverikommission.10 2.1.13 Other Ap
11、plicable Documents .10 2.2 Related Publications 10 2.2.1 Reference Organizations .14 2.3 Definitions 14 2.4 Acronyms and Unit Symbols 17 3. CABIN AIRBORNE CHEMICAL SOURCES AND CAUSES OF CONTAMINATION .22 3.1 Ground Operations in the Airport Environment 23 3.2 Engine and APU/Aircraft Systems and Equi
12、pment 24 3.3 In-Cabin Contamination Sources .25 3.4 Airframe and ECS (air distribution and ventilation) 25 4. INVESTIGATIVE MEASUREMENT METHODS 26 4.1 Gas Measurement27 4.1.1 Gas Measurement Monitors.28 4.1.2 Pump, Sorbent and Evacuated Canister Sampling28 4.1.3 Sorbent Sampling and GC/MS Protocols.
13、28 4.1.4 Biosensors .28 4.2 Particle Measurement 28 4.3 Measurement Method Precautions 29 4.3.1 Altitude and Temperature Corrections and Sampling 29 4.3.2 Measurement Units294.3.3 Measurement Criteria.30SAE AIR4766/2 - 3 - 5. COMFORT, HEALTH AND FLIGHT SAFETY31 6. REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES 37 6.1 A
14、viation 37 6.2 Spacecraft38 6.3 Non Aviation.38 7. CONTROL OF CONTAMINANTS BY DESIGN .39 7.1 Air Ventilation.41 7.2 Filtration Based Removal Systems 41 7.3 Chemical Based Contaminant Removal Systems41 7.4 Molecular Sieves427.5 Detection and Indication Systems42 7.6 Individual Protection Devices.43 8
15、. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE44 8.1 Operations44 8.2 Cleaning Operations Associated to Leakage Event/ECS Ingestion.44 8.3 Maintenance and Top Up.45 8.4 Cabin Servicing469. REPORTING46 10.1 CONCLUSIONS.47 11. KEY WORDS .47 SAE AIR4766/2 - 4 - 1. SCOPE: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provi
16、des information on aircraft cabin air quality, including: Airborne contaminant gases, vapors, and aerosols. Identified potential sources. Comfort, health and safety issues. Airborne chemical measurement. Regulations and standards. Operating conditions and equipment that may cause aircraft cabin cont
17、amination by airborne chemicals (including Failure Conditions and normal Commercial Practices). Airborne chemical control systems. It does not deal with airflow requirements. 2. REFERENCES: 2.1 Applicable Documents: The following publications contribute to the formulation of this document to the ext
18、ent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes p
19、recedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. This listing includes references that are not specifically cited, but provided as part of the content of this report. SAE AIR4766/2 - 5 - 2.1.1 SAE Publications: SA
20、E Publications are available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. ARP85 Air Conditioning Systems for Subsonic Airplanes ARP731 General Requirements for Application of Vapor Cycle Refrigeration Systems for Aircraft AIR825 Oxygen Equipment for Aircraft AIR910 Ozone in High Alti
21、tude Aircraft ARP986 Guide for Qualification Testing of Aircraft Air Valves AIR1539 Environmental Control System Contamination AIR1796 Engine Bleed Air Systems for Aircraft ARP4418 Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine Generated Contaminants in Bleed Air Supplies from Aircraft Engines Und
22、er Normal Operating Conditions ARP4754 Certification Considerations for Highly-Integrated or Complex Aircraft Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment AIR5784 A Review of Literature on the Relationship Between Gas Turbine Engine Lubricants and Aircraft Cabin Air Qu
23、alityAS8025 Passenger Oxygen Mask AS8031 Personal Protective Devices for Toxic and Irritating Atmospheres 2.1.2 FAA Publications: FAA Publications are available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591 and from the website www.faa.gov.SAE AIR4766/2 - 6
24、- 2.1.2.1 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations: Title 14, CFR Part 21 - “Certification Procedures for Products and Parts“ Title 14, CFR Part 23 - “Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes“ Title 14, CFR Part 25 - “Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Ai
25、rplanes“ Title 14, CFR Part 121 - “Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations“Title 14, CFR Part 135 - “Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft“ 14 CFR 21.3 - Reporting of failures, malfunctions and defects
26、 14 CFR 121.703 - Mechanical reliability reports 14 CFR 121.705 - Mechanical Interruption summary reports 14 CFR 135.415 - Mechanical Reliability Reports 2.1.2.2 FAA Advisory Circulars: AC 20-32B - Carbon Monoxide (CO) Contamination in Aircraft - Detection and Prevention, dated November 24, 1972 AC
27、20-42C - Hand Fire Extinguishers for Use in Aircraft AC 21-9A - A Manufacturers Reporting Failures, Malfunctions or Defects, dated May 26, 1982 AC 23-909-1 - Installation of Turbochargers in Small Airplanes with Reciprocating Engines, dated February 3, 1986 AC 23-17A - Systems and Equipment Guide fo
28、r Certification of Part 23 Airplanes, Dated April 25, 2000, Section 23.831- Ventilation AC 25-7A - Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes (Incorporates change 1 dated June 3, 1999), Sections 25.831, 25.1121 and 25.1197. AC 25-9A - Smoke Detection, Penetration, and Evacua
29、tion Tests and Related Flight Manual Emergency Procedures SAE AIR4766/2 - 7 - 2.1.2.2 (Continued): AC 25-20 - Pressurization, Ventilation and Oxygen Systems Assessment for Subsonic Flight Including High Altitude Operation, Sections 4 and 5 AC 25-22 - Certification of Transport Airplane Mechanical Sy
30、stems, dated March 14, 2000, Sections 25.831 and 25.1439. AC/AMJ 25-1309-1A - System Design and Analysis, dated April 23, 1998 AC 29-2C - Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft, dated September 30, 1999, Sections 29.831, 29.833, 29.1121, 29.1125 and 25.1439 AC 33-2B - Aircraft Engine Type Ce
31、rtification Handbook: Section 33.5; Instruction manual for installing and operating the engine. Including A 33.4, A 33.5 and A 33.7 AC 120-38 - Transport Category Airplanes Cabin Ozone Concentrations AC 120-42A - Extended Range Operation with Twin-Engine Airplanes (ETOPS) 2.1.2.3 FAA Engineering Rep
32、orts: AD 76-19-02 Air Contamination, September 30, 1976, Amdt 39-2722 2.1.2.4 FAA Airworthiness Directives: Title 14, CFR Part 39 65 FR 48368 8/8/2000 Docket No. 99-NM-227-AD; Amendment 39-11849; AD 2000-15-17 Airworthiness Directives; McDonnell Douglas Model DC-9-81 (MD-81), DC-9-82 (MD-82), DC-9-8
33、3 (MD-83), and DC-9-87 (MD-87), Model MD-88 Airplanes, and Model MD-90-30 Series Airplanes 2.1.2.5 FAA Orders: FAA Order 8300-10 Airworthiness Inspectors Handbook (Changes 1 through 12 dated December 14, 1999 incorporated), Volume 3, Chapter 129 - “Process Malfunction or Defect Report“ SAE AIR4766/2
34、 - 8 - 2.1.2.6 FAA TSO: TSO-C1c - Cargo Compartment Fire Detection Instruments TSO-C64 - Oxygen Mask Assembly, Continuous Flow, Passenger (For Air Carrier Aircraft)TSO-C99 - Protective Breathing Equipment TSO-C116 - Crewmember Protective Breathing Equipment 2.1.3 Federal Register: Federal Aviation A
35、dministration, Office of Rulemaking, Attn: ARM-1, 800 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591. 65 FR, Vol. 72, April 15, 1999, pg 18766-18783, Docket No. 28293; Notice No. 95-12A, Supplementary Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Federal Aviation Administration, 14 CFR Parts 121, 125, 135, and 145,
36、“Service Difficulty Reports“ 2.1.4 JAR Joint Aviation Requirements Part 23 and 25: Available from Printing and Publication Services, Civil Aviation Authority, Greville House, 37 Gratton Road, Cheltenham GL50, 2BN, England. JAR Part 23 - Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Category Aeroplanes JAR
37、 Part 25 - Large Aeroplanes JAR APU-210 - Safety analysis JAR APU-320 - Bleed air contamination JAR E5-10 - Failure analysis JAR E-690 - Contamination tests of bleed air for cabin pressurisation or ventilationJAR-OPS 1 - Commercial Air Transportation (Aeroplanes) 2.1.5 U.S. National Transportation S
38、afety Board Publications: Available from National Technical Information Service, 285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. NTSB Special Investigation PB84-917006, dated 1984 Safety Recommendation A87-102, dated August 3, 1987 SAE AIR4766/2 - 9 - 2.1.6 U.S. Department of Defense Publications: Avail
39、able from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094 and from website http:/afpubs.hq.af.mil/. USAF AFOSHSTD48-8 Controlling Exposures to Hazardous Materials. Replaces AFOSH Standard 161-8, dated 1 September 1997 2.1.7 Occupational Safety and Hea
40、lth Administration Publications: Available from OSHA, 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington DC 20210. Title 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. 2.1.8 ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM STP 1393 Air Quality and Comfort in Ai
41、rliner Cabins, Editor Niren L. Nagda, 2000ASTM D 5466 Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air by Pumped Sorbent Tube and Thermal DesorptionASTM D 6399-99 Standard Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins ASTM IAQ02 S
42、tandards on Indoor Air Quality: Second Edition 2.1.9 ASHRAE Publications: Available from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N. E. Atlanta, GA 30329.ASHRAE Standard 62n: Revising the Ventilation Rate Procedure - Approval Pending ASHRAE 957RP, Relate Air Quality and Other Factors to Symptoms Reported by Pass
43、engers and Crew on Commercial Transport Category Aircraft, 1998; ASHRAE Journal 9/99 ASHRAE 959RP, Determine Aircraft Supply Air Contaminants in the Engine Bleed Air Supply System on Commercial Aircraft, 1999/2000. ASHRAE Insights 2/07/01 2001 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, Chapter 12 and Chapter 37
44、, ISBN 1-883413-87-7SAE AIR4766/2 - 10 - 2.1.10 Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority: Available from http:/www.casa.gov.au/avreg/aircraft/ad/index.htm.Airworthiness Directive AD/BAe 146/86, dated May 2001 - Environmental Control System Inspection for Contamination 2.1.11 U.K. Civil Aviation Au
45、thority: Available from Documedia Solutions 37 Windsor Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 2DG. or www.caa.co.ukAD 002-03-2001, issued March 2001: “Air Conditioning - To inspect engine oil seals, APU and ECS jet pump and air conditioning pack for signs of oil contamination“ UK CAA Flight Operatio
46、ns Department Communication, Flight Operation Directive 14/2001, Dated 24 August 200 - “Crew oxygen mask usage during suspected air contamination events“ UK CAA, Paper 2004/04, Cabin Air Quality, Safety Regulation group, February 2004 2.1.12 Swedish Statens haverikommission: Available from Statens h
47、averikommission (SHK) Board of Accident Investigation, P.O. Box 12538, SE-102 29 Stockholm Sweden and from website www.havkom.se. Report RL 2001:41e, Dated 2001-11-23- “Incident onboard aircraft SE-DRE during flight between Stockholm and Malm, M county, Sweden, on 12 November 1999“ 2.1.13 Other Appl
48、icable Documents: Available from The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240, 513-742-2020.ACGIH (2000), Threshold Limit Values and biological exposure indices 2.2 Related Publications: The following publications are provided for infor
49、mation purposes only and are not required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report. Aero Medical Association, 1953, “Aviation Toxicology”, The Blakiston Company, New York, Toronto, 120 pp AIIB Aircraft Accident Investigation Branch, BAe 146-200, G-JEAK, Report n: 1/2004 (EW/C2000/11/4), February 2004, 51 pp; http:/www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/ groups/dft_avsafetySAE AIR4766/2 - 11 - 2.2 (Continued): Airbus: Cabin Air Quality, 1990, “In-flight air quality measurement program on several Airbus airplanes”. FAST Magazine; http:/www.airbu
