1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pu
3、blication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR5696AEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORT AIR5696Issued 2006-09 Reaffirmed 2013-11 Aerospa
5、ce Fluid Power - FAA Regulatory History -Transport Airplane Hydraulic Systems RATIONALEAIR5696 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 32. REFERENCES 32.1 Applicable Documents 32.1.1 SAE Publications. 32.1.2 U.S. Government Publications 32.2 App
6、licable References 33. CHRONOLOGY 43.1 Air Commerce Act of 1926 43.2 Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 53.3 The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 53.4 Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 53.5 Department of Transportation Act of 1966 64. APPLICABILITY 65. HISTORY OF REGULATIONS . 75.1 Table 1 Histo
7、ry of Regulations Index: 1945-2002 75.2 Transport Category Airplane Hydraulic Systems: History of Regulations Text 85.2.1 Part 04: November 9, 1945: adopted New Part 04 transports . 85.2.2 Amendment 04-1, Effective November 1, 1946 85.2.3 Amendment 04-5, effective 11-22-46 changed new Part 04 to 04b
8、 . 95.2.4 Amendment 04b-8 effective 01-01-48: . 95.2.5 Re-designation of Parts 04a and 04b as Parts 4a and 4b: effective May 1, 1949 . 105.2.6 Part 4b: October 1, 1949. 105.2.7 Part 4b Reprinted: July 20, 1950 105.2.8 Part 514, Technical Standard Order, effective 10-12-51 115.2.9 Amendment 4b-6, eff
9、ective 3-5-52 115.2.10 Part 4b: December 31, 1953 (Based on Amdt. 4b-6, effective 3-5-52) . 135.2.11 Civil Aeronautics Manual 4b: January 1958 . 135.2.12 Amendment 4b-11, effective 10-01-59 . 155.2.13 Amendment 4b-12, effective May 3, 1962 155.2.14 Part 514, TSO-C75 - Hydraulic Hose assemblies issue
10、d, effective 09-04-63 165.2.15 37.181 Hydraulic hose assemblies-TSO-C75. 11-17-64. 285.2.16 Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 25, effective February 1, 1965 285.2.17 Amendment 25-13, effective July 27, 1967 295.2.18 Amendment 25-23, effective May 8, 1970 305.2.19 Amendment 25-41, effective Septembe
11、r 1, 1977 . 315.2.20 Amendments 21-50, 25-52, and 37-47, effective September 9, 1980 325.2.21 Amendment 25-72, effective August 20, 1990 325.2.22 Amendment 25-104, effective June 15, 2001. 335.2.23 Advisory Circular AC 25.1435-1 issued at Amendment 25-104: May 21, 2001 . 355.2.24 TSO-C140 - Fuel/Eng
12、ine oil/Hydraulic Fluid Hose Assemblies issued 40SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5696 Page 2 of 42_1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to transport airplane hydraulic systems. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviat
13、ion Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis).
14、A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR).2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall ap
15、ply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable
16、 laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 5096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS1241 Fire-Resistant Phosphate Ester Hy
17、draulic Fluid for Aircraft AIR1899 Aircraft Hydraulic System Characteristics ARP4752 Aerospace - Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Aircraft Hydraulic Systems 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20
18、402-0001, http:/bookstore.gpo.gov; Phone: toll-free (866) 512-1800. Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 25 - Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 2.2 Applicable References Civil Air Regulations Part 04 Airplane Airworthiness Transport Categories: Effective November 9
19、, 1945 Civil Air Regulations Part 04b Airplane Airworthiness Transport Categories: Effective Nov 22, 1946 Civil Air Regulations Part 4b Airplane Airworthiness Transport Categories: Effective May 1, 1949 Civil Air Regulations Part 514 Technical Standard Order, Effective October 12, 1951 Civil Aeronau
20、tics Manual (CAM) 4b Airplane Airworthiness Transport Categories: Effective January 1, 1958 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5696 Page 3 of 42_Part 514, Technical Standard Order TSO-C75 - Hydraulic Hose Assemblies, Effective September 4, 1963 Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 37 - TSO-C75 - Hy
21、draulic Hose Assemblies, 11-17-64 Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes, effective February 1, 1965 Amendment 25-13 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective July 27, 1967 Amendment 25-23 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective May 8, 1970 Amendment 25-41
22、 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective September 1, 1977 Amendment 25-52 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective June 9, 1980 Amendment 25-72 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective August 20, 1990 Amendment 25-104 - 14 CFR part 25, Effective June 15, 2001 FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.1435-1, Effective June 15, 2001 TSO-C140 Aerospac
23、e Fuel, Engine Oil, and Hydraulic Fluid Hose Assemblies, Effective July 17, 2002 3. CHRONOLOGY 3.1 Air Commerce Act of 1926 a. The roots of the FAA go back to 1926 when the U.S., as the only industrial nation that did not regulate aviation and air commerce enacted the Air Commerce Act of 1926. In ad
24、dition, the Act was established to foster air commerce, license pilots, certificate aircraft for airworthiness, designate and establish airways, establish, operate and maintain aids to air navigation. Driven in part by the need to assure the success of the Air Mail Act of 1925, the Air Commerce Act
25、established the Bureau of Air Commerce to promote aviation safety and the development of aeronautics using its regulatory authority. 1. On December 31, 1926, the first Air Commerce Regulations of the Aeronautics Branch became effective. The regulations prescribed licensing, operational, and air traf
26、fic safety rules. 2. On March 29, 1927, Type Certificate No. 1 was issued by the newly formed Bureau of Air Commerce to the manufacturer of the Buhl-Verville J4 Airster CA-3, a 3-place open cockpit land biplane. It had an empty weight of 1,415 pounds and a gross weight of 2,300 pounds. 3. On March 1
27、, 1933, the Aeronautics Bulletin No. 7F, became effective. This bulletin prescribed Airworthiness Requirements for Aircraft Components and Accessories. b. In 1934, after a reorganization, the Aeronautical Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. 1. Aeronautics Bulletin No. 7A, effective as ame
28、nded October 1, 1934, prescribed Airworthiness Requirements for Aircraft.2. Aeronautics Bulletin No. 7-J, dated July 11, 1935, prescribed Special Requirements for Transport (or Airline) Aircraft.3. Aeronautics Bulletins 7-G and 7-H, respectively, prescribed requirements for engines and propellers, a
29、nd alterations and repairs. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5696 Page 4 of 42_c. The main part of the Civil Air Regulations (CARs), representing a thorough revision and codification of the Air Commerce Regulations, went into effect on November 1, 1937. The CARs Part 04 - Airplane Airworthiness, and Part 15 - A
30、ircraft Equipment Airworthiness, contained relevant requirements for mechanical systems. Aeronautics Bulletins 7A, etc., were canceled. 3.2 Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 a. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 abolished the Air Commerce Act of 1926. The Bureau of Air Commerce had come under criticism f
31、or not being effective, therefore, Congress created the Civil Aeronautics Authority (still under control of the Department of Commerce). It encompassed three unique features: 1. An Administrator responsible for fostering air commerce, controlling air traffic, and establishing airways; 2. An Authorit
32、y (the only one in the Government), with a five-person board, responsible for promulgating safety (including design rules) and economic rules; and 3. An independent three-person Air Safety Board responsible for determining the probable cause of accidents and recommending safety improvements. b. The
33、Reorganization Act of 1939-40 abolished the Air Safety Board, making it part of the five-person board renamed as Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The Administrators collective functions were designated as Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). The CAB and CAA reported to the Secretary of Commerce. 1.
34、 For the next 18 years, the CAB made the rules while the CAA carried out operational functions. The CAR Parts 04 and 15 were reprinted and amended several times between 1940 and March 15, 1952, when Part 15 was rescinded in favor of a new Technical Standard Order (TSO) system of equipment qualificat
35、ion. 2. Effective June 30, 1945, the CAA drafted comprehensive proposals for revision of the CARs and submitted them to the CAB. The Board was engaged in revising safety regulations to reflect wartime advances in aviation. 3.3 The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 a. This Act was the culmination of long
36、term effort to increase the effectiveness of the Governments effort to promote safety and develop aeronautics. In 1958, Congress created the Federal Aviation Agency by enacting the Federal Aviation Act. b. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 repealed the Air Commerce Act of 1926, as amended; the Civil
37、Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended; and the 1939-40 reorganization plans. This Act created two independent agencies: 1. the CAB (for economic regulation of air carriers and for accident investigations) and 2. the Federal Aviation Agency, responsible for safety regulations. 3.4 Title 14, Code of Fed
38、eral Regulations (14 CFR) a. Part 25, effective February 1, 1965, was added to replace part 4b of the Civil Air Regulations (CAR). The object of this recodification was to restate existing regulations. b. The pertinent provisions were freely reworded and re-arranged. In cases where well established
39、administrative practice or construction had established authoritative interpretations, the revised rule language reflected the interpretations.c. The sections titled “CAA Policies which apply to Sec. 4b.xxx” were determined as “not rule” and deleted from the Code of Federal Regulations. As CAR Part
40、4a “Airplane Airworthiness” had not been used for certification of new airplanes since 1947, it was deleted. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5696 Page 5 of 42_3.5 Department of Transportation Act of 1966 a. In 1966, the Department of Transportation (DOT) was created to consolidate the various governmental acti
41、vities concerning transportation into one organization. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was amended to change the FAA, The Agency, to the FAA, the Administration. The FAA Administrator reports to the Secretary of Transportation as a result of this Act. b. The CABs responsibilities for accident inve
42、stigation were transferred to a new independent National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Although independent, the NTSB remained within the DOT for administrative purposes only until 1975, and then was separated entirely. 4. APPLICABILITY a. The information provided in this document is directed
43、to airplane manufacturers, modifiers, foreign regulatory authorities, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transport airplane type certification engineers, and their designees.b. This material does not change, create any additional, authorize changes in, or permit deviations from, regulatory re
44、quirements.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR5696 Page 6 of 42_5. HISTORY OF REGULATIONS 5.1 Table 1 History of Regulations Index: 1945-2002 TABLE 1 - HISTORY OF REGULATIONS INDEX: 1945-2002 Date Action General Tests Lines Accum11-09-45 Adopted new Part 04 04.5610 04.5611 04.5612 04.5613 11-01-46 Amdt 04-1 Fire
45、Prevention in Air Carrier Aircraft: 04.075 11-22-46 Amdt 04-5 Differentiation of #: New Part 04 became Part 04b01-01-48 Amdt 04b-8 Approval by the Administrator: Materials/Parts 05-01-49 Part 04b designated as Part 4b10-01-49 Part 4b Reprinted 4b.826 4b.827 4b.828 4b.82907-20-50 Part 4b Reprinted 4b
46、.653(a) 4b.653(b) 4b.653(c) 653(d) 10-12-51 Part 514: The TSO System made available 03-05-52 Amdt 4b-6 Substantive changes: added 4b.18, Approval under TSO and re-titled par. Strength Design Fire Protection4b.653 4b.654 4b.65512-31-53 Part 4b Reprinted 4b.653 4b.654 4b.65501-01-58 CAM 4b Manual 4b.6
47、53 4b.654 4b.65510-01-59 Amdt 4b-11: Revised 4b.481/Flammfluids (a)(1) to (a)(8) 06-09-80 Amdt 21-50/25-52/37-47: Part 37 revoked. TSOs became voluntary stds 08-20-90 Amdt 25-72 25.1435(a)06-15-01 Amdt 25-104 FAR/JAR harmonized as follows; Element System TestsDesign Design25.1435(a) 25.1435(b) 25.1435(c)Also issued a new AC 25.1435-1 07-17-02 TSO-C140 - Aerosp
