1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTJ2084ISSUEDJAN93Issued 1993-01AERODYNAMIC TESTING OF RO
4、AD VEHICLESTESTING METHODS AND PROCEDURESForewordThis Document has not been changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.This report is part of a series of SAE Technical Reports dealing with Aerodynamic Testing of Road Vehicles, whichto date comprises:SAE HS J1566Aer
5、odynamic Flow Visualization Techniques and ProceduresSAE J1594Vehicle Aerodynamics TerminologySAE J2071Open-Jet Wind-Tunnel Boundary InterferenceSAE J2085Solid-Wall Wind-Tunnel Boundary InterferenceSAE J2082Cooling Flow Measurement TechniquesThis SAE Information Report has been developed from an ear
6、lier SAE Recommended Practice (1) 1 which set outtest procedures for measuring the aerodynamic characteristics of heavy-duty trucks and buses using establishedwind-tunnel model testing techniques. The Information Report provides the rationale and the background behindthe recommended test techniques
7、in that Recommended Practice. It also outlines additional techniques that areuseful in wind-tunnel testing, but which have not yet gained the level of acceptance needed for an SAErecommended practice.The objective of both the Recommended Practice and the Information Report is to provide guidance for
8、 theengineer tasked with carrying out wind-tunnel testing on a road vehicle, for whatever purpose. Use of theprocedures described should improve the comparability of aerodynamic data taken in different wind-tunnels andshould ensure that good quality data are obtained.The present Information Report c
9、overs a broader range of vehicles than the Recommended Practice (1). Inaddition to trucks and buses, which are mostly tested at reduced scale in order to match the sizes of wind-tunnelscommonly available, this report deals with tests on smaller vehicles, such as automobiles, motorcycles, and racingc
10、ars, which are very often tested at full scale.1. Numbers in parentheses denote references in Section 2.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J2084 Issued JAN93-2-TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Scope32. References33. Objectives of Wind-Tunnel Testing 54. Ae
11、rodynamic Requirements of Test Facilities . 64.1 Types of Test Section 64.2 Ground Simulation 94.3 Flow Quality 144.4 Reynolds Number Requirements175. Facility Equipment Requirements .235.1 Model/Vehicle Installation .235.2 Instrumentation .265.3 Data Acquisition296. Model/Vehicle Requirements 316.1
12、 Full-Scale Testing316.2 Small-Scale Testing 357. Test Methods and Procedures 387.1 Force Measurements 387.2 Surface Pressure Measurements .417.3 Flow-field Measurements437.4 Flow Visualization .478. Data Reduction, Analysis, and Presentation.488.1 Notation and Presentation 488.2 Corrections .508.3
13、Validity/Applicability.53APPENDIX A55APPENDIX B56COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J2084 Issued JAN93-3-1. ScopeThe scope of this SAE Information Report is confined to wind-tunnel testing, although it is recognizedthat many aspects of the aer
14、odynamic characteristics of road vehicles can be investigated in other test facilities(such as water-tanks) or, especially, on the road. For example, coastdown testing is often used to determineaerodynamic drag (either in isolation or as part of the total resistance), and artificial gust generators
15、are usedto investigate the sensitivity of vehicles to cross-wind gusts.Also excluded from the present Report are climatic wind-tunnel tests of road vehicles, which are defined inmore detail in Section 3.The Report covers the aerodynamic requirements of a wind-tunnel for automotive testing, together
16、with thefacility equipment needed and the requirements affecting the test vehicle or model. The test methods andprocedures described here include those for six-component force measurements and measurements ofpressures and velocities both on the vehicle/model surface and in the surrounding flow-field
17、.Flow visualization techniques are outlined, with reference to the detailed coverage in a related SAE InformationReport (2). In addition, the reduction, analysis, and presentation of wind-tunnel data are considered, withfurther references to associated SAE Information Reports (3,4) on corrections to
18、 be applied for wind-tunnelblockage effects. Finally, methods are discussed for the validation of the wind-tunnel data, e.g., by tunnel-to-road correlation studies.As already indicated, this document has been prepared in conjunction with a number of other SAE InformationReports and Recommended Pract
19、ices (15), each of which provides greater detail than is given here on itsparticular aspect of automotive aerodynamic testing.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall
20、 apply.1. SAE J1252SAE Wind-Tunnel Test Procedure for Trucks and Buses2. HS J1566Aerodynamic Flow Visualization Techniques and Procedures3. SAE J2071Aerodynamic Testing of Road Vehicles: Open-Jet Wind-Tunnel Boundary Interference4. SAE J2085Aerodynamic Testing of Road Vehicles: Solid-Wall Wind-Tunne
21、l Boundary Interference5. SAE J1594Vehicle Aerodynamics Terminology6. SCHLICHTING, H., Boundary-Layer Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, (1979)7. VAN DYKE, M., Higher Order Boundary Layer Theory. Annual Review of Fluid Mech. I, pp 265292(1969)8. WIEDEMANN, J., Some Basic Investigations into the Principl
22、es of Ground Simulation Techniques inAutomotive Wind-Tunnels, SAE Paper 890369, Detroit, (1989)9. BEESE, E., Untersuchungen zum Einflusse der Reynolds-Zahl auf die Aerodynamischen Beiwerte vonTragflgelprofilen in Bodennhe, Dissertation, Fakultt fr Maschinenbau, Ruhr- Universitt Bochum,(1982)10. BERN
23、DTSSON, A., ECKERT, W.T. AND MERCKER, E., The Effect of Groundplane Boundary LayerControl on Automotive Testing in a Wind Tunnel, SAE Paper 880248, Detroit (1988)11. CARR, G.W., A Comparison of the Ground-Plane-Suction and Moving-Belt Ground-RepresentationTechniques, SAE Paper 880249, Detroit (1988)
24、12. HACKETT, J.E. and BOLES, R.A., Moving-Ground Simulation by Targential Blowing, J. Aircraft, Vol.16, No. 12, Article No. 78-814R, December (1979)13. MERCKER, E., and WIEDEMANN, J., Comparison of Different Ground-Simulation Techniques for Usein Automotive Wind-Tunnels, SAE Paper 900321, Detroit (1
25、990)COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J2084 Issued JAN93-4-14. RAE, W. H., Jr., POPE, A., Low Speed Wind-Tunnel Testing, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, NewYork (1984)15. PANKHURST, R.C., HOLDER, D.W., Wind-Tunnel Technique, Pitmans, Londo
26、n (1965)16. HUCHO, W-H., Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Butterworths & Co, Cambridge (1987)17. OWER, E., PANKHURST, R.C., The Measurement of Air Flow, 5th Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford(1977)18. BRITISH STANDARD, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits, Section 2.1 Method Using Pitot-Static Tu
27、bes, BS1042:Section 2.1:1983, ISO 3966-1977, London (1983)19. MICHEL, V., FROEBEL, E., Definition and Lowest Possible Levels of Wind-Tunnel Turbulence, Wind-Tunnels and Testing Techniques, AGARD Conference Proceedings 348 (1983)20. SEIDEL, M., et al, Construction 19761980, Design, Manufacturing and
28、Calibration of the Deutsch-Niederlndischer Wind kanal DNW, Published by DNW, Emmeloord (1982)21. KELLY, K.B., PROVENCHER, L.G., SCHENKEL, F.K., The General Motors Engineering StaffAerodynamics LaboratoryA Full Scale Automotive Wind-Tunnel, SAE Paper 820371, Detroit (1982)22. NILSSON, L.U., BERNDTSSO
29、N, A., The New Volvo Multi-purpose Automotive Wind-Tunnel, SAEPaper 870249, Detroit (1987)23. VAGT, J.D., WOLFF, B., Special Design Features and Their Influence on Flow Quality: Test Resultsfrom Porsches New Wind-Tunnel, AutoTech 1987, London (1987)24. SARDOU, M., The Sensitivity of Wind-Tunnel Data
30、 to a High-Speed Moving Ground for Different Typesof Road Vehicles, SAE Paper 880246, Detroit (1988)25. COOPER, K.R., The Effect of Front-Edge Rounding and Rear-Edge Shaping on the Aerodynamics ofBluff Vehicles in Ground Proximity, SAE Paper 850288, Detroit (1985)26. GILHAUS, A., The Main Parameters
31、 Determining the Aerodynamic Drag of Buses, Proceedings ofColloquium: Designing with the Wind, CSTB Nantes, June 198127. GILHAUS, A., Aerodynamics of Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Short Course: Vehicle Aerodynamics,von Karman Institute, January 198428. BEAUVAIS, F.N., TIGNOR, S.C., TURNER, T.R., Proble
32、ms of Ground Simulation in AutomotiveAerodynamics, SAE Paper 680121, Detroit (1968)29. HUCHO, W-H., JANSSEN, L.J., Flow Visualization Technique in Vehicle Aerodynamics, ProceedingsInternational Symposium on Flow Visualization, Tokyo (1977)30. THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Visualised Flo
33、w, English Edition, PergamonPress, Oxford (1988)31. VERET, C., Flow Visualization IV, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on FlowVisualization in Paris, Hemisphere Publishing Corp, New York (1987)32. GORLIN, S. M., SLEZINGER, I.I., Wind-Tunnels and Their Instrumentation, Jerusalem (1966).
34、33. COGOTTI, A., Flow Field Surveys behind Three Squareback Car Models using a new “Fourteen-hole“Probe, SAE Paper 87024334. PREUSSER, T., POLANSKY, L., GIESECKE, P., Advances in the Development of Wind-TunnelBalances Systems for Experimental Automotive Aerodynamics, SAE Paper 89037035. COGOTTI, A.,
35、 A Strategy for Optimum Surveys of Passenger Car Flow Fields, SAE 890374.36. WIEDEMANN, J., Grenzen und Mglichkeiten der Modelltechnik innerhalb der KraftfahrzeugAerodynamik, Symposium No. T-30-905-056-7 “Aerodynamik des Kraftfahrzeugs“. Haus der Technik,Essen, FRG, (1987)37. WIEDEMANN, J., and EWAL
36、D, B., Turbulence Manipulation to Increase Effective Reynolds Numbersin Vehicle Aerodynamics, AIAA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 763769, June 198938. SCHLICHTING, H., and TRUCKENBRODT, E., Aerodynamics of the Airplane, McGraw-Hill, New York,(1979)39. WIEDEMANN, J., Theoretical and Experimental Optimi
37、zation of the Road-Vehicle Internal Flow, VonKarman Institute For Fluid Dynamics Lecture Series 1986-05 on Vehicle Aerodynamics, Rhode-St.-Genese (Belgium), March 1721, (1986)COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J2084 Issued JAN93-5-40. SOJA, H.
38、, and WIEDEMANN, J., The Interference Between Exterior and Interior Flow on RoadVehicles, Societe des Ingenieurs de lAutomobile (S.I.A.), Journe dtude: Dynamique du VehiculeSecurite Active, June 1617, (1987)41. BEECK, M.A., and STOFFREGEN, B., Measurement of the Projected Frontal Area of VehiclesANe
39、w Contour-Tracking Laser Device in Comparison to Other Methods, SAE Paper 870246, Detroit,198742. BUCHHEIM, R., et al, Advanced Experimental Techniques and Their Application to AutomotiveAerodynamics, SAE Paper 870244, Detroit, 198743. COGOTTI, A., A Two Component Fiber-Optic LDV System for Automoti
40、ve Aerodynamics Research,SAE Paper 880252, Detroit, 198844. BUCKLEY, F.T., and SEKSCIENSKI, W.S., Comparisons of Effectiveness of Commercially AvailableDevices for the Reduction of Aerodynamic Drag on Tractor-Trailers, SAE Paper 750704, Seattle, 197545. COOPER, K.R., A Wind-Tunnel Investigation into
41、 the Fuel Savings Available for the Aerodynamic DragReduction of Trucks, DME/NAE Quarterly Bulletin No 1976 (3), National Research Council of Canada,Ottawa, 197646. SAE/RCCC In-Service Fuel Economy Tests, Type 1 and Type 11 Procedures47. CARR, G.W. and ROSE, M.J., Correlation of Full-Scale Wind-Tunn
42、el and Road Measurements ofAerodynamic Drag, MIRA Report 1964/548. COSTELLI, A., et al, Fiat Research Center Reference Car: Correlation Tests Between Four Full-ScaleEuropean Wind-Tunnels and Road, SAE Paper 810187, Detroit, 198149. COOPER, K.R., MASON, W.T., Jr., and BETTES, W.H., Correlation Experi
43、ence with the SAE Wind-Tunnel Test Procedure for Trucks and Buses, SAE Paper 820375, Detroit, 198250. FANGER-VEXLER, S., et al, Full Scale, On-Road Study of the Effects of Automobile Shape on itsAerodynamic Characteristics, and Comparison with Small-Scale Wind-Tunnel Results, SAE Paper850287, Detroi
44、t, 198551. SAUNDERS, J.W., et al, Comparison of On-Road and Wind-Tunnel Tests for Tractor-TrailerAerodynamic Devices, and Fuel Savings Predictions, SAE Paper 850286, Detroit, 198552. EAKER, G.W., Wind-Tunnel-to-Road Aerodynamic Drag Correlation, SAE Paper 880250, Detroit, 198853. IWASE, H., YAMADA,
45、S., and KOGA, H., A New Approach to Measuring Road Load by ChassisDynamometer and Wind-Tunnel Tests, SAE Paper 820377, Detroit, 198254. HACKETT, J.E., et al, On the Influence of Ground Movement and Wheel Rotation in Tests on ModernCar Shapes, SAE Paper 870245, Detroit, 198755. BUCKLEY, F.T., Jr., An
46、 Improved Over-the-Road Test Method for Determining the Fuel Savings Benefitof a Truck Aerodynamic Drag-Reducing Device, SAE Paper 850285, Detroit, 19853. Objectives of Wind-Tunnel-TestingThe objectives of automotive wind-tunnel testing are many and varied.Wind-tunnel testing is mainly carried out i
47、n the course of the development either of a new vehicle or of a newvariant of an existing vehicle. It then has the objective of meeting specific or implied design targets within suchconstraints as styling, packaging, legislation and, of course, cost.The achievement of vehicle performance and fuel ec
48、onomy targets requires that aerodynamic drag is keptwithin certain limits. At the same time, to realize the required standards of vehicle stability, the other fivecomponents of aerodynamic force (i.e., the lift and side forces and the pitching, yawing, and rolling moments)also need to be limited app
49、ropriately. To ensure that the resulting target values are attained, wind-tunnelmeasurements of all six components are made, and these measurements may be repeated many times as aparticular vehicle design is gradually refined until all the targets are reached, within the constraints mentionedpreviously.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J2084 Issued JAN93-6-The control of operating temperatures of vehicle components within known acceptable levels is anotherobjective in automotive wind-tunnel testing
