1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22590-2 SANS 14798:2009Edition 3ISO 14798:2009Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Lifts (elevators), escalators and moving walks Risk
4、 assessment and reduction methodology This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 14798:2009, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Te
5、l: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 14798:2009 Edition 3 ISO 14798:2009 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 1082, Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyers, in accordanc
6、e with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in June 2009. This SANS document supersedes SANS 14798:2007 (edition 2). Reference numberISO 14798:2009(E)ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO14798First edition2009-0
7、3-01Lifts (elevators), escalators and moving walks Risk assessment and reduction methodology Ascenseurs, escaliers mcaniques et trottoirs roulants Mthodologie de lapprciation et de la rduction du risque SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemaili
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11、etariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2009 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writ
12、ing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedSANS 14798
13、:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 14798:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Terms and definitions .1 3 General principles .3 3.1 Concept of safety 3 3.2 Concept of
14、 risk assessment.3 4 Risk analysis procedure .5 4.1 Step 1 Determination of the reason for conducting a risk assessment5 4.2 Step 2 Formation of a risk assessment team 5 4.3 Step 3 Determination of the subject of risk assessment and related factors 6 4.4 Step 4 Identification of scenarios: hazardous
15、 situations, causes and effects.8 4.5 Step 5 Risk estimation9 5 Step 6 Risk evaluation15 6 Step 7 Has the risk been sufficiently mitigated?.15 7 Step 8 Reduction of risk Protective measures16 8 Documentation 17 Annex A (normative) Risk assessment template.18 Annex B (informative) Quick references to
16、 hazards (Table B.1), hazardous situations (Table B.2), causes (Table B.3), effects (Table B.4) and harm (Table B.5).20 Annex C (normative) Estimation of risk elements Severity (Table C.1) and probability (Table C.2) 25 Annex D (normative) Risk estimation and evaluation.26 Annex E (informative) Role
17、 of the team moderator .28 Annex F (informative) Examples of a risk assessment and protective measures .32 Bibliography38 SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 14798:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedForeword
18、 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
19、 committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of elec
20、trotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the
21、 member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for iden
22、tifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14798 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 178, Lifts, escalators and moving walks. This first edition of ISO 14798 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 14798:2006, which has been technically revised. SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed
23、by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 14798:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction The objective of this International Standard is to describe principles and set procedures for a consistent and systematic risk assessment methodology relevant to lifts (elevator
24、s), escalators, moving walks (“lifts”, for short). The risk analysis and assessment principles and process described in this International Standard may, however, be used for assessment of risk relevant to equipment other than lifts. This risk assessment methodology is a tool used to identify risk of
25、 harm resulting from various hazards, hazardous situations and harmful events. Knowledge and experience of the design, use, installation, maintenance, incidents, accidents and related harm are brought together in order to assess the risk during all phases of the life of lifts 1)(elevators), escalato
26、rs and moving walks (hereafter referred to as “lifts”), from design and construction up to decommissioning. The users of the methodology do not make medical judgements but, rather, evaluate events that can possibly lead to levels of harm defined in this International Standard. By itself, this Intern
27、ational Standard does not provide a presumption of conformity to any safety requirements for lifts, including those noted in Clause 1. NOTE Risk assessment is not an exact science, as there is a certain degree of subjectivity in the process. It is recommended that this International Standard be inco
28、rporated into training courses and manuals so as to provide basic instructions on safety aspects to those involved in a) assessing designs, operations, testing and use of lift equipment, and b) writing of specifications or standards incorporating safety requirements for lifts. This International Sta
29、ndard describes a qualitative methodology for risk assessment that relies very much on the judgement and deliberations of the members of the risk assessment team who carry out the assessment. To ensure the most realistic and consistent assessment, it is essential that the methodology be followed fai
30、thfully. Aids such as numeric methods of assessment that follow the format described in this International Standard are not precluded from use. It should, however, be recognized that numeric aids to qualitative methods may still retain some of the subjectivity inherent in the qualitative process. Cl
31、ause 3 describes the concepts of safety and risk assessment. Clause 4 describes the procedure of risk analysis, including risk estimation. The procedure for risk evaluation is set out in Clause 5 and assessment in Clause 6. Clause 7 deals with protective measures. Clause 8 specifies relevant documen
32、tation. 1) Hereafter in this International Standard, the term “lift” is used instead of the term “elevator”. In addition, the term “lift” is also used instead of the terms “lifts, escalators and moving walks”. SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and fr
33、eemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14798:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Lifts (elevators), escalators and moving walks Risk assessment and reduction
34、methodology 1 Scope This International Standard establishes general principles and specific procedures for assessing risk. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide a process for making decisions relevant to the safety of lifts during the a) design, construction, installation and serv
35、icing of lifts, lift components and systems, b) development of generic procedures for the use, operation, testing, compliance verification and servicing of lifts, and c) development of technical specifications and standards affecting the safety of lifts. While examples in this International Standard
36、 refer primarily to risks of harm to persons, the risk assessment procedure set out in this International Standard can be equally effective for assessing other types of risk relevant to lifts, such as the risk of damage to property and environment. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this do
37、cument, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 cause circumstance, condition, event or action that in a hazardous situation contributes to the production of an effect 2.2 effect result of a cause in the presence of a hazardous situation 2.3 harm physical injury or damage to the health of peo
38、ple, or damage to property or the environment ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.3 2.4 harmful event occurrence in which a hazardous situation results in harm ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.4 NOTE In this International Standard, the term “harmful event” is interpreted as a combination of cause and effect. SANS 1479
39、8:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 14798:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved2.5 hazard potential source of harm NOTE The term “hazard” can be qualified in order to define its origin or the nature of the expected harm
40、 (e.g. electric shock hazard, crushing hazard, cutting hazard, toxic hazard, fire hazard, drowning hazard). ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.5 2.6 hazardous situation circumstance in which people, property or the environment are exposed to one or more hazards ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.6 2.7 life cycle period
41、 of usage of a component or a lift system 2.8 protective measure means used to reduce risk NOTE Protective measures include risk reduction by inherently safe design, protective devices, personal protective equipment, information for use and installation and training ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.8 2.9 re
42、sidual risk risk remaining after protective measures have been taken ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.9 2.10 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.2 2.11 risk analysis systematic use of available information to identify hazards and t
43、o estimate the risk ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.10 2.12 risk assessment overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, 3.12 2.13 risk evaluation consideration of the risk analysis results to determine if the risk reduction is required 2.14 scenario sequence of a
44、 hazardous situation, cause and effect 2.15 severity level of potential harm SANS 14798:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 14798:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 33 General principles 3.1 Concept of safety Safety, wit
45、hin this International Standard, is considered as freedom from unacceptable risk. There can be no absolute safety. Some risks, defined in this International Standard as residual risk, can remain. Therefore, a product or process (e.g. operation, use, inspection, testing, or servicing) can be only rel
46、atively safe. Safety is achieved by sufficient mitigation or reduction of the risk. Safety is achieved by the search for an optimal balance between the ideal of absolute safety, the demand to be met by a product or process, and factors such as benefit to the user, suitability for purpose, cost effec
47、tiveness and conventions of the society concerned. Consequently, there is a need to review continually the established safety levels, in particular when experience necessitates review of the pre-set safety levels and when developments, both in technology and knowledge, can lead to feasible improveme
48、nts to attain sufficient mitigation of the risk compatible with the use of a product, process, or service. 3.2 Concept of risk assessment 3.2.1 Safety is achieved by the iterative process of risk assessment (risk analysis and risk evaluation) and risk reduction (see Figure 1). 3.2.2 Risk assessment
49、is a series of logical steps that enables, in a systematic way, the examination of hazards associated with lifts. Risk assessment is followed, whenever necessary, by the risk reduction process, as described in Clause 7. When this process is repeated, it gives the iterative process for eliminating hazards as far as possible and for implementing protective measures. 3.2.3 Risk assessment includes: a) risk analysis 1) determination of the subject of analysis (see 4.3), 2) identification of scenarios: hazard
