2019年高考化学艺体生百日突围系列专题1.7卤素及其性质基础知识速记手册素材.doc

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1、1专题 1.7 卤素及其性质氯气有毒刺激性,闻氯用手轻扇动。热铜热铁遇氯气,烟色相似皆为棕。氢在氯中苍白焰,磷在氯中烟雾漫。甲烷氢气氯相混,强光照射太危险。氯水消毒又漂白,作用原理次氯酸。消石灰氯漂白粉,用时常通二氧碳,烧瓶干燥气密好,气体充满切记牢。挤压胶 头要迅速,红 色喷泉多妖娆。氟氯溴碘四元素,颜色渐 深气变固。半径密度渐递增,溶点沸点亦上升。 固碘加热能升华,有机剂中溴碘溶。四位皆求水和氢,条件程度各不同。上边可把下边换,碘遇淀粉即变蓝。卤素氧化亚硫酸,硫化氢中把硫换。莹石硫酸氟化氢,切记应在铅皿中。氢溴碘酸真刁难,不用硫酸用磷酸。氯溴碘和磷酸根,加酸再加硝酸银。卤化银光易分解 ,照

2、相降雨铭记心。【解释】 1、氯气有毒刺激性,闻氯用手轻扇动:这两句的意思是说氯气有毒,有剧烈的刺激性(吸入少量氯气会使鼻和喉头的粘膜受到 刺激,引起胸部疼痛和咳嗽,吸入大量氯气会中毒而死),闻氯气的时候,必须十分小心,应该用手轻轻地在瓶口扇动,仅使极少量的氯气飘进鼻孔。 15、氢溴碘酸真刁难,不用硫酸用磷酸:意思是 说制备氢溴酸和氢碘酸时,不能用浓硫酸,而必须用磷酸,反应式为:NaBr+H 3PO4HBr+ NaH2PO4,NaI+H 3PO4HI+NaH 2PO4联想:因为浓硫酸具有2强氧化性,可把生成的 HBr 和 HI 氧化 Br2和 I2,反应式为:2HBr+H2SO4SO 2+Br 2+2H2O,2HI+H 2SO4SO 2+I 2+2H2O。

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