1、PART TWO,第二篇 语法突破篇,语法专题（八） 动词的时态和语态,1.一般现在时的基本结构及用法 (1)结构:当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词用单数形式。,考点一 一般现在时,【中考考点】 (1)动词第三人称的单数形式、过去式、过去分词和v. -ing形式的构成。 (2)动词的八种时态的基本结构及用法。 (3)动词的被动语态的基本结构及用法。 (4)动词的主动形式表示被动意义的用法。,| 动词的时态 |,(2)动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则如下: 一般情况下,在动词后直接加-s。如:workworks。 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,先变y为i,再加es。如:carrycarries; c
2、rycries; trytries; studystudies。 以s,x,o,ch,sh结尾的词加-es。如:passpasses; fixfixes; gogoes; teachteaches; washwashes。 特殊:havehas。,(3)用法: 表示事实、现状、性质或经常性、习惯性的动作。常与seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。 I go to school at seven every da
3、y. 我每天七点去上学。 表示普遍真理和客观事实。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 表示在现在时间里所发生的动作。 Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来。 Ill go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow. 如果明天我妈妈有空的话,我将和她去购物。,2.一般现在时的疑问句和否定句,考点二 一般过去时,1.一般过去时的用法及标志词 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。句中的谓语动词要变为过去式。常与yesterday, last we
4、ek, two days ago, in 2016等表示过去的时间状语连用。 2.一般过去时的疑问句和否定句,Did you have any problems on your journey? 你在旅途中有什么困难吗? Were most people busy making a living in early times?在早期,大部分人忙着谋生吗? Nowadays some young peoples lifestyle isnt healthy. 如今一些年轻人的生活方式不健康。,动词过去式的变化规则: (1)一般情况下,在动词原形后加-ed。如: watchwatched。 (2)
5、以不发音字母e结尾的动词加-d。如:livelived。 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i再加-ed。如: studystudied; carrycarried; crycried。 (4)以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ed。如: stopstopped; planplanned; preferpreferred。 (5)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。,考点三 一般将来时,1.一般将来时的基本结构及用法 (1)结构:“助动词shall/will+动词原形”或“be going to+动词原形”。 (2)用法: 表示将要发生的动作或未来的状态,
6、常用的时间状语有 later (on), soon, in a month (in+时间段), next time, from now on, tomorrow等。 I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就18岁了。 表示某种必然的趋势。 Fish will die without water.没有水,鱼就会死。,(3)will和be going to的区别: will引导的将来时表示事情没有经过事先考虑而即将发生,be going to引导的将来时表示事情经过事先计划、考虑而即将发生。 They will arrive here tomorr
7、ow morning. 明天早晨他们将抵达这里。 Im going to see a film this afternoon. 今天下午我要去看电影。,2.一般将来时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句,Dont worry.You wont be late. 不用担心,你不会迟到的。 Will you leave for Beijing next week? 下周你要去北京吗? Who is going to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了?,考点四 过去将来时,过去将来时的基本结构及用法 (1)结构: “would+动词原形”或“was/were+going
8、to+动词原形”。 (2)用法:表示从过去的某一时刻看,将要发生的动作。 His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year.他叔叔说第二年会有一个好收成。 注意 在由if引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句用过去将来时,那么if从句需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。 If he improved his IT skills, he would easily get a job. 如果他提高了自己的IT技能,他就会容易找到工作。,考点五 现在进行时,1.现在进行时的基本结构及用法 (1)结构: am/is/are+v.-ing形
9、式 (2)用法: 表示目前正在发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用的时间状语有 now, at the moment 等。当句子中有look, listen等起提示作用的词时,后面的句子常用现在进行时。 Are you writing an e-mail to your friend now? 你现在正在给你的朋友写电子邮件吗? Listen! A girl is singing in the next room. 听!有个女孩正在隔壁房间唱歌。,表示现阶段正在进行,但此刻不一定在进行的动作。 We are planting trees these days. 这些天我们在植树。 表示位移的动
10、词的进行时表示动作将要发生。此类词有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon. 他们明天下午要去英格兰。,2. 现在进行时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句,Mary is listening to music in the next room now. 玛丽现在正在隔壁房间听音乐。 Jack isnt playing football now. 杰克现在没有在踢足球。 Is Mike playing the piano in the room now? 迈克现
11、在在房间里弹钢琴吗?,v.-ing形式的变化规则: (1)一般直接在动词后加-ing。如:playplaying (2)以不发音字母e结尾的,去e加-ing。如: comecoming; makemaking; liveliving (3)以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ing。如: runrunning; sitsitting; beginbeginning (4)特殊:diedying; lielying; tietying,考点六 过去进行时,1.过去进行时的基本结构及用法 (1)结构: was/were+v.-ing形式 (2)用法:过去进行时主要表示
12、过去某一时间点或某一时间段正在进行的动作。 Toms father fell down while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 汤姆的爸爸骑自行车时摔倒了,弄伤了自己。 (3)常用的时间状语: at that time/moment, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last night等。 What were you doing at ten oclock last night?你昨晚十点钟在做什么? They were building a large
13、house last week. 上周他们一直在建造一所大房子。(过去某阶段一直在进行的动作),2.过去进行时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句I wasnt trying to annoy you. 我没想要让你烦恼。 Were you working all the weekend? 你整个周末都在工作吗?,考点七 现在完成时,1.结构: have/has+动词的过去分词 (动词过去分词的变化规则基本与过去式的变化规则相同,不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆) 2.用法: (1)表示过去发生的动作或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与just, already, yet, recently, be
14、fore, ever, never, twice, three times等连用。 I the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了),have seen,(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since+时间点”,“since+从句(一般过去时)”,“for+时间段”及how long, ever since, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等连用。 Weve planted thousands of trees in t
15、he past few years. 在过去几年中,我们种了成千上万棵树。 So far there no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。,has been,(3)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事,关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响,因此,若不强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。 I saw the movie yesterday. 昨天我看了这部电影。(强调电影是昨天看的) I have already seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影了。(强调到现在为止看过这部电影了),(4)
16、延续性动词 在现在完成时中,如果有表示持续的时间状语,则要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。 I have had the book for two days. 这本书我已经买了两天了。(用had而不用bought) I have been in Tokyo for two weeks. 我已经来东京两周了。(用been in而不用come to),常见的非延续性动词变延续性动词: have arrived at/in sp., have got to/reached sp., have come/gone/moved to sp.have been in sp. have become have
17、 been have got up have been up have died have left sp. have fallen asleep/gone to sleep have been asleep have finished/ended/completed have married have been married,have been dead,have been away from sp.,have been over,have begun have borrowed have bought have had have caught/got a cold have had a
18、cold have got to know have known have joined the League/the Party/the armyhave been a member of the League/the Party/the army或have been in the League/the Party/the army,have been on,have kept,(5)have been to, have gone to, have been in的区别: have been to表示“曾去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来,现在已不在该地;have gone to表示“已经去了某
19、地”,说话时已到达某地或在去某地的途中,现在还未回来;have been in表示“已经在某地待了多久”,后面跟副词时不用in。 Where is Mrs. Smith? 史密斯夫人在哪儿? She isnt here. She has gone to England. 她不在这儿。她去了英格兰。,考点八 过去完成时,1.结构:had+动词的过去分词 2.用法: (1)表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,也就是“过去的过去”。 常以by, before短语或when, before, after, until等引导的从句作为前提。 My teacher said she had
20、never been to London. 我的老师说她从来没去过伦敦。 When the police arrived, the thieves . 当警察到达时,小偷们已经逃跑了。,had run away,(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。与现在完成时一样,过去完成时也常与 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。 When Jack arrived, he learned Mary for almost an hour. 当杰克到达时,他得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。,had been away,结构
21、:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词 (1)一般现在时的被动语态: am/is/are+动词的过去分词 (2)一般过去时的被动语态: was/were+动词的过去分词 (3)一般将来时的被动语态: will/shall/be going to+be+动词的过去分词 (4)现在进行时的被动语态: am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词 (5)现在完成时的被动语态: have/has+been+动词的过去分词 (6)过去进行时的被动语态: was/were+being+动词的过去分词 (7)过去完成时的被动语态: had been+动词的过去分词,考点一 被动语态的构成,| 动词的语态 |,(
22、8)过去将来时的被动语态: would be+动词的过去分词 (9)含有情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 (10)在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等后面作宾语补足语的不定式,在主动结构中不定式符号to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要还原to。 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 被动结构: A stranger was seen into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进了这座楼。,to walk,1.英语中有很多动词,如
23、break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语的性质特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 This kind of cloth . 这种布料很好洗。 注意 主动语态强调的是主语的性质特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较: The door wont lock. (指门本身有毛病) The door wont be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,表示“门没有锁”是人为原因),考点二 某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义,washes well,2.不及物动
24、词和动词短语,如happen, last, take place, come out, come true, run out 等,以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何出版的呢? 3.系动词没有被动形式。 Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来合理。,4.下列结构中的v.-ing形式是主动形式表示被动意义。 (1)need, require作“需要”讲时,其后常跟v.-ing形式,但当这些动词后接不定式时,则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。 The bike needs repairing. 这
25、辆自行车需要修理。 Our classroom needs to be cleaned. 我们的教室需要打扫。 (2)be worth doing sth.值得做某事 The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一读。,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Betty (work) hard since last term.Thats why her exam results are so good! 2.How often does your father exercise? He (exercise) three times a week. 3.Can Mr.
26、 King spare some time for the meeting? If he (invite), he will try his best to make it. 4.The children rushed out of the classroom as soon as the bell (ring) for the end of class.,has worked,exercises,is invited,rang,5.The earth is a planet and it (go) around the sun. 6.I (wash) the dishes while my
27、sister was sweeping the floor. 7.A babys first-month birthday is a special event in China and (celebrate) with a special party. 8.Did you watch the World Cup on TV last night? I wanted to, but my father (watch) his favorite TV program. 9.Teenagers should (encourage) to solve their problems by themse
28、lves. 10.Teenagers have to be 18 years old before they (allow) to drive a car.,goes,was washing,is celebrated,was watching,be encouraged,are allowed,11.My grandparents (marry) for over 30 years and they love each other very much. 12.As China grows stronger and stronger, Chinese (teach) in more and m
29、ore schools in the world. 13.He was made (leave) his hometown. 14.With the development of science and technology, robot cooks (appear) in our families in the future. 15.The 24th Winter Olympic Games (hold) in Beijing and Zhangjiakou in 2022, from February 4th to 20th.,have been married,is taught,to leave,will appear,will be held,
