1、专题十三 社会文化类,-2-,(2018全国C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each oth
2、er.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when the world had just five to ten million people,they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.,-3-,Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number
3、.In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and
4、Chinese are increasingly taking over.,-4-,At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.Euro
5、pe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
6、,-5-,Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡),with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick,at random,Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150),Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia(one,with a questio
7、n-mark):none of these seems to have much chance of survival.,-6-,28.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A.They developed very fast. B.They were large in number. C.They had similar patterns. D.They were closely connected. 29.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underl
8、ined in paragraph 2? A.Complex. B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern. 30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A.About 6,800. B.About 3,400. C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200. 31.What is the main idea of the text? A.New languages will be created. B.Peoples lifestyles are reflect
9、ed in languages. C.Human development results in fewer languages. D.Geography determines language evolution.,-7-,【文章结构】,-8-,【难点分析】 The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers. 总的规则是:天气温和地区的语言
10、种类相对较少,往往有许多人说这些语言,而炎热、潮湿地区的语言种类很多,但往往说这些语言的人数少。 分析:that mild zones have.while.是宾语从句。while是并列连词,连接两个并列分句,表示对比。spoken by.是过去分词短语,作后置定语修饰前面的languages。,-9-,【语篇导读】本文是说明文。在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,语种众多。但是随着工业化、贸易、全球化等的发展,许多语种消失了。 28.B 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers.they spoke pe
11、rhaps 12,000 languages between them”可知,在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,人们使用的语言种类很多。 29.C 词义猜测题。根据上文提到的“.all have caused many languages to disappear”和下文的“such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知,英语、西班牙语和汉语正在逐渐取代一些语言。由此可猜测该词的意思是“占优势的”,所以选C项。,-10-,30.B 细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“At present,the world has
12、about 6,800 languages”和最后一句中的“is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that”可知,B项正确。 31.C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知,在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,语种众多。但是随着工业化、贸易、全球化等的发展,许多语种消失了。由此可知,人类的发展导致了语种的减少,所以选C项。,-11-,A (2018河南郑州三模) “Years ago when I was at the Grand Canyon,I remembered
13、someone coming up to the canyons edge,taking a shot with a camera and then walking away,like got it done,barely even glancing at the magnificent scene in front of him,” Linda Henkel,a scientist at Fairfield University,US told Live Science. Henkel was surprised by how obsessed(着迷的) people are with ta
14、king pictures these daysbefore dinner,during friends birthday parties,on museum tours and so on. They keep taking pictures because they think that it helps record the moment,but as Henkels latest study has just found out,this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actually happened,repo
15、rted The Guardian.,-12-,In her study,Henkel led a group of college students around a museum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects and photograph 15 others.The next day the students memory of the tour was tested,and the results showed that they were less accurate in recognizing the objects and
16、they remembered fewer details about them if they photographed them. “When people rely on technology to remember themcounting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves,it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel expl
17、ained. But there is also an exception:if students zoomed(缩放) in to photograph part of an object,their memory actually improved,and those who focused the lens(镜头) on a specific area could even recall parts that werent in the frame.,-13-,So basically,this study is saying that constantly taking picture
18、s can harm your memory.But shouldnt reviewing pictures we have taken help wake up our memories?This is true,but only if we spend enough time doing it. “In order to remember,we have to access and interact with the photos,rather than just collect them,” Henkel told The Telegraph.However,previous resea
19、rch has shown that most people never take the time to look over their digital pictures simply because there are too many of them and they arent usually very organized on their computers.,-14-,【语篇解读】本文为议论文。人们都喜欢拍照,拍照有助于记录某一时刻,但拍照对我们的记忆有影响。如果我们只是简单的记录,而不去关注和欣赏的话,则会有负面的影响;如果我们以后还会欣赏这些照片则会有助于唤醒我们的记忆;如果只
20、拍照不欣赏还不如不拍照只是欣赏的好。,-15-,1.Why did the author mention Henkels trip to the Grand Canyon at the beginning? A.To complain about some tourists bad habits. B.To give suggestions on how to enjoy ones tour. C.To point out peoples obsession with taking pictures. D.To describe the beautiful view of the Grand
21、Canyon.,答案,解析,-16-,2.What can we learn from Henkels study? A.Reviewing pictures always helps people bring back memories easily. B.Taking pictures in a museum tour helps students recognize objects better. C.People should spend more time taking pictures than studying real objects. D.Pictures focusing
22、on the details of objects probably improve peoples memories.,答案,解析,-17-,3.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to? A.The camera. B.The technology. C.The event. D.An object.,答案,解析,-18-,4.What is the article mainly about? A.Peoples obsession with taking pictures and its inf
23、luence. B.Possible ways of using pictures to improve ones memory. C.Great harm to memory caused by taking pictures constantly. D.A believable study into the negative impact of lining cameras often.,答案,解析,-19-,B (2018全国D) Weve all been there:in a lift,in line at the bank or on an airplane,surrounded
24、by people who are,like us,deeply focused on their smartphones or,worse,struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem?Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging,or we thi
25、nk its annoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strangers,consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.,-20-,Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy,but we cant forget that deep relationships w
26、ouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication,says Bernardo Carducci,director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explai
27、ns. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.”,-21-,In a 2014 study,Elizabeth Dunn,associate professor of psychology at UBC,invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter
28、;the other,to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“ But interactions with perip
29、heral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging,a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“ Small talk is the basis of
30、 good manners,”he says.,-22-,【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过建议陌生人之间进行交流引出本文的话题闲谈,并介绍了闲谈的益处,指出“闲谈是礼貌的基础”。,-23-,5.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A.Addiction to smartphones. B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C.Absence of communication between strangers. D.Impatience with slow servi
31、ce.,答案,解析,-24-,6.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A.Showing good manners. B.Relating to other people. C.Focusing on a topic. D.Making business deals.,答案,解析,-25-,7.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A.It improves family relationships. B.It raises peoples confidence. C.It matters as much as a formal talk. D.It makes people feel good.,答案,解析,-26-,8.What is the best title for the text? A.Conversation Counts B.Ways of Making Small Talk C.Benefits of Small Talk D.Uncomfortable Silence,答案,解析,
