1、第一编,专题一 阅读理解,考点2 推理判断题,真 题 体 验,Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场)，and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it，but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs
2、of some hungry worms.,greater wax moth,Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene，which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours，and the worms consumed and
3、broke down about 92 milligrams，or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown，the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by
4、enzymes(酶) from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.,Federica Bertocchini，coauthor of the study，says the worms ability to break down their everyday foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture，but the basic bond in polyethylene
5、，the carboncarbon bond，is there as well，”she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ” Jennifer DeBruyn，a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee，who was not involved in the study，says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared
6、 with previous studies，she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step，DeBruyn says，will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)？,Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help e
7、mploy the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ” 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一项科学发现：一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，从而为人们解决塑料污染问题提供新的途径。, What can we learn about the worms in the st
8、udy？ _ AThey take plastics as their everyday food. BThey are newly evolved creatures. CThey can consume plastics. DThey wind up in landfills. 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“. found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene. ”和第二句中的the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams可知，研
9、究人员在研究中发现大蜡螟蠕虫可以分解塑料中的聚乙烯，显然也可以分解垃圾中的塑料，与选项C中提到的“吃塑料”吻合。,C, According to Jennifer DeBruyn，the next step of the study is to _. Aidentify other means of the breakdown Bfind out the source of the enzyme Cconfirm the research findings Dincrease the breakdown speed 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“The next step. Is it
10、 an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes？”可知，接下来人们需要证实的就是酶是从哪里产生的。选项B“查明酶的来源”与此吻合。,B, It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might _. Ahelp to raise worms Bhelp make plastic bags Cbe used to clean the oceans Dbe produced in factories in future 解析：推理判断题。根据最后
11、一段第二句“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply millions of worms. ”可知，研究人员期望不仅仅能用大蜡螟蠕虫去清理塑料垃圾，也期望在某种工业流程中用这种化学制品，这与选项D中提到的“今后工厂可能生产这种化学制品”吻合。,D, What is the main purpose of the passage？ _ ATo explain a study method on worms. BTo introduce the diet of a special
12、worm. CTo present a way to break down plastics. DTo propose new means to keep ecobalance. 解析：推理判断题。作者通过本文介绍了一项消除塑料垃圾的研究，显然是为人们提供了一条清除塑料垃圾的新途径。选项C与此意吻合。,C,B (2018全国，C) Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday. While the declin
13、e over the past decade is steep for teen readers，some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives，and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the reports key findings，“the proportion(比例)who say theyhardly everread for fun has gone fr
14、om 8 percent of 13yearolds and 9 percent of 17yearolds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. ”,The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children，ages 28，remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined，from closer to
15、an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel(建议)parents looking for data about the effect of ereaders and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading，mainly due to concerns a
16、bout increased screen time.,The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently，compared to infrequent readers，have more books in the home，mo
17、re books purchased for them，parents who read more often，and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school approaches，and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead，parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the libr
18、ary or bookstore. 文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。一份调查报告显示，尽管阅读在很多孩子的生活中仍然是很重要的一部分，但是进行趣味性阅读的青少年人数在减少。要想改变这种状况，父母应该在阅读方面起示范作用，成为重要的引导者。, What is the Common Sense Media report probably about？ _ AChildrens reading habits. BQuality of childrens books. CChildrens afterclass activities. DParentchild relationships. 解析：推理判断
19、题。关于题干提到的这份报告，第二、三段说孩子们的趣味性阅读减少了，几乎不进行趣味性阅读的人数增加了，第五、六段提到电子书的阅读以及父母的榜样作用，从这些信息推断，这份报告研究的内容是孩子们的阅读习惯，因此选A。,A, Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”？ _ AIn paragraph 2. BIn paragraph 3. CIn paragraph 4. DIn paragraph 5. 解析：推理判断题。第三段说几乎不进行趣味性阅读的孩子的人数比例
20、上升了，因此这一段说的是孩子们趣味性阅读的情况减少了。这与题干中的“孩子们趣味性阅读的情况减少了”相吻合。,B, Why do many parents limit electronic reading？ _ AEbooks are of poor quality. BIt could be a waste of time. CIt may harm childrens health. DEreaders are expensive. 解析：推理判断题。第五段提到科技产品与阅读的关系，说这份报告几乎没有建议父母去了解电子读物和平板电脑对阅读的影响，但是提到许多父母因为注意到孩子看屏幕的时间在不
21、断增加，就对电子书的阅读进行限制。从这些信息看，父母这样做的原因是从孩子的身心健康方面去考虑的，因此选C。,C, How should parents encourage their children to read more？ _ AAct as role models for them. BAsk them to write book reports. CSet up reading groups for them. DTalk with their reading class teachers. 解析：推理判断题。关于父母怎样鼓励孩子多读书，第六段说，在阅读方面父母能给孩子树立榜样，成为
22、重要的引导者，并且指出，读书多的孩子，他们的父母经常阅读，还给孩子留出读书的时间。由此推断选A“成为他们的榜样”。,A,推理判断题属于主观性较强的深层阅读理解题。主要考查根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等，在高考中比重较大，在议论文中尤为常见。做题时应该注意： 1明晰两种常见设问方式： (1)常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。 (2)提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的副词，如pr
23、obably，possibly等。,名 师 点 津,2判断两类正确选项特征： (1)不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。 (2)正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。 3识别四类干扰选项特点： (1)夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面进行了夸大处理。 (2)无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。 (3)掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。 (4)推理过度：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。,4推理特别注意3点： (1)直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。 (2)推理不是凭空猜测
24、，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。 (3)不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。,技 法 例 析,1隐含推断题“逻辑关联”得结论 关键词：阅读题干，锁定信息段落 详读信息段，领悟隐含意义 比对选项，进行推断 这类题要求考生对作者没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向作出合理的推断。 (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。 (2)整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论
25、。 (3)以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。,(2018全国，C片段) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own pat
26、terns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times？ AThey developed very fast. BThey were large i
27、n number. CThey had similar patterns. DThey were closely connected.,典 例,解题思路 第一步 确定题干中的关键信息_ 第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出进行推断的关键词 _ 第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 _,languages in huntergather times Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 la
28、nguages between them.,B,2观点态度类“言为心声”求褒贬 关键词：阅读题干，找准关键词 速读文章，寻找作者对某事物所持观点态度的语段 体会字里行间流露的情感，与选项进行比对 文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的态度或者观点往往隐含在字里行间或者流露于修饰词之中，这就要注意作者或文中人物的措辞。 正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思。切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。 留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。 结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。,作者或者文中人物的态度和观点无非就是三类：支持、赞同、乐
29、观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。熟悉如下有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词：supportive(支持的)，positive(积极的)，optimistic(乐观的)，enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义语：negative(否定的，消极的)，ironic(讽刺的)，critical(批评的)，disgusted(厌恶的)，disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词：indifferent(漠不关心的)，uninterested(不感兴趣的)，objective(客观的)，neutral(中立的)等。,(2017全国卷，B片段) I work with Volunteers
30、 for Wildlife，a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However，when it works，it is simply beautiful.,典 例,A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature
31、 smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of allLUNCH ！ The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to
32、 do so. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？ AIts unexpected. BIts beautiful. CIts humorous. DIts discouraging.,解题思路 第一步 确定题干中的关键词_ 第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出进行推断的关键词 _ 第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 _,the outcome of the event However，when it works，it is simply beautiful. A nervous night to be sure，but s
33、ometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！,B,3写作意图类“文体特点”寻意图 关键词：通读全文，确定文章体裁 记叙文表达情感或者某个道理；应用文推销或者介绍；说明文展示用途或者过程；议论文论述道理或者表达观点 要做好写作目的题，首先要确定文章的体裁，因为不同的文体，写作目的不同。,常见文体的写作特点 (1)记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都围绕该哲理展开。 (2)广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。 (3)说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，
34、阅读时需要找准主题句。 (4)议论文：提出论点进行论证得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。,(2017全国，A片段) Support Pacific Science Center Since 1962，Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science，math and technology. Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than 1. 3 million people a yea
35、r and brings inquirybased science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals，corporations，and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter，org to find various ways
36、 you can support Pacific Science Center.,典 例,What is the purpose of the last part of the text？ ATo encourage donations. BTo advertise coming events. CTo introduce special exhibits. DTo tell about the Centers history.,解题思路 第一步 速读文章，找出相关信息句，标出关键词 _ _ _ _ 第二步 与选项进行对比得出答案 尝试解答： _,we cannot achieve witho
37、ut generous support from individuals， corporations， and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter， org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.,A,干扰项分析 该部分的写作目的是鼓励人们以各种方式支持太平洋科学中心，也就是鼓励人们捐款，故选A项。 B、C两项无中生有，该部分没有提到“宣传即将举行的活动”和“介绍特殊的展览”。D项曲解文意，该部分提到了自1962年以来太平洋科学中心做的事情
38、，但这不是为了讲述该中心的历史，而是为下文鼓励人们捐款作铺垫。,4文章出处题“语言特色”推出处 (1)具备一定常识： 考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。 (2)了解语言特色： 要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。,(2015广东高考，B片段) When I grew up and entered the business world，I remember hearing my first boss say
39、，“We all need to think like salespeople. ”But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said，“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman. ” What he said was，“You need to think like a fish. ”Years later，with great efforts to promote longterm services to people much older a
40、nd richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters. This passage most likely comes from _ . Aa fishing guide Ba popular sales book Ca novel on childhood Da millionaires biography,典 例,解题思路 第一步 确定
41、题干中的关键信息 _ 第二步 定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词 _ 第三步 进行合理推断得出答案 _,comes from,Years later，with great efforts to promote longterm services to people much older and richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.,B,
