1、IEEE Std 1902.1-2009IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network ProtocolIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA31 March 2009IEEE Communications Society Sponsored by theStandards Board Committee and theIEEE Standards Association Corporate Advisory Group1902.1TMIEEE Std 1902.1-2009 IEEE
2、Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol Sponsor Standards Board Committee of the IEEE Communications Society and the IEEE Standards Association Corporate Advisory Group Approved 30 January 2009 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This standard defines the air interface for radiating tra
3、nsceiver radio tags using long wavelength signals (kilometric and hectometric frequencies, 450 kHz). Conforming devices can have very low power consumption (a few microwatts on average), while operating over medium ranges (0.5 to 30 meters) and at low data transfer speeds (3009600 bps). They are wel
4、l suited for visibility networks, sensors, effectors and battery operated displays. This standard fills a gap between non-network-based RFID standards (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 15961-3, ISO 18000-6C or ISO 18000-7) and existing high bandwidth network standards such as IEEE Std 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4. Keyw
5、ords: battery powered, carrier powered, displays, effectors, long wavelength, low frequency, RFID, sensors, transceiver, visibility networks The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Elect
6、ronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 31 March 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE and 802 are registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained thro
7、ugh the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1902.1-2009, IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol. This standard defines the air interface for radiating transceiver radio tags using long wa
8、velength signals (kilometric and hectometric frequencies, 450 kHz). Conforming devices can have very low power consumption (a few microwatts on average), while operating over medium ranges (0.5 to 30 meters) and at low data transfer speeds (3009600 bps). They are well suited for visibility networks,
9、 sensors, effectors and battery operated displays. This standard fills a gap between non-network-based RFID standards (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 15961-3, ISO 18000-6C or ISO 18000-7) and existing high bandwidth network standards such as IEEE Std 802.11 and IEEE Std 802.15.4. Notice to users Laws and regulati
10、ons Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory r
11、equirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and
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16、p:/standards.ieee.org. v Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpreta
17、tions Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standar
18、d, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or dete
19、rmining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and th
20、e risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this standard was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the P1902.1 Working Group had the following entity m
21、embership: Bearing Point Kaleidoscope Technology Strategy Microsoft Motorola, Inc. SeaHold SMARTBridge Synchromesh Computing, LLC Three Strategies Visible Assets The following entity members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abs
22、tention. Bio Energy Solutions CipherLab USA, Inc. EmbedTech Industries, Inc. Epson Electronics America Future Path Medical, LLC Microsoft Motorola, Inc. Nokia Sig Sauer, Inc. Snap-on Tools Synchromesh Computing, LLC TV-LLC Trimble Navigation, LLC Visible Assetsvi Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights rese
23、rved. The P1902.1 Working Group gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following organizations and participants. Without their assistance and dedication, this standard would not have been completed. Organization Participant Bearing Point .Daniel Mesaros Epson Electronics AmericaDavid Lamar
24、, Vice-chair Kaleidoscope Technology StrategyPete Abell Microsoft. Jim Turner Motorola, Inc. Leif Eriksen SeaHold .Thomas M. Hintz SMARTBridge.Raju Penmetsha Sychromesh Computing, LLC .Alan R. Weiss Three Strategies .William J. Babcock Steven E. Niles Visibile Assets. Jason August Rod Gilchrist John
25、 Stevens, Chair When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 30 January 2009, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Victor Berman Richard DeBlasio Andy Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman Wi
26、lliam Goldbach Arnie Greenspan Ken Hanus Jim Hughes Richard Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Chuck Powers Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl Anne-Marie Sahazizian Malcolm Thaden Howard Wolfman Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also incl
27、uded are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Michelle Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copy
28、right 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations . 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 4 4. General description. 4 4.1 General overview. 4 4.2 Power considerations. 5 5. Ph
29、ysical layer . 5 5.1 Frequency 5 5.2 Modulation 6 5.3 Bi-phase mark coding 7 6. Data protocol 8 6.1 Frame formats 9 6.2 Responder states 11 7. Carrier power 13 8. Anti-collision 13 8.1 General overview. 13 8.2 Random phase synchronous sampling detection . 14 9. Volume multiplexing, or Clip. 17 9.1 C
30、lip implementation 18 Annex A (informative) Overview of near field magnetic signaling . 19 A.1 The near field and the far field 19 A.2 Environmental effects on electric and magnetic fields . 19 A.3 Signaling in IEEE 1902.1 . 20 A.4 Real world measurements. 20 A.5 The fields of an electric dipole 21
31、A.6 The fields of a magnetic dipole. 22 Annex B (informative) Example of two responders transmitting at once 23 Annex C (informative) Example implementation of frame check sequence 25 1 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol IMPORTANT NO
32、TICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is m
33、ade available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtaine
34、d on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/ disclaimers.html 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This standard defines the air interface for radiating transceiver radio tags using long wavelength signals (kilometric and hectometric frequencies, 450 kHz). Conforming devices can have very low
35、power consumption (a few microwatts on average), while operating over medium ranges (0.5 to 30 meters) and at low data transfer speeds (3009600 bps). They are well suited for visibility networks, sensors, effectors and battery operated displays. This standard fills a gap between non-network-based RF
36、ID standards (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 15961-3, ISO 18000-6C or ISO 18000-7) and existing high bandwidth network standards such as IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to define the air interface for radio tags optimized for use in visibility networks, where presence, i
37、dentity and associated data can be determined from stationary or moving tagged items, in situ, within relatively arbitrary storage areas. In situ in this context means that it is not necessary to either move the tagged items into closer proximity of a reader nor to move a reader into closer proximit
38、y of tagged items in order to identify the presence of a tag or to read or modify tag information. IEEE Std 1902.1-2009 IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol 2 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. In addition to visibility networks, applications for the radio tags describe
39、d in this document include sensors, effectors, battery operated displays and zero configuration peer to peer networks. This standard will facilitate compatibility and encourage inter-operability of routers, readers, base stations and radio tags from multiple manufacturers. It is expected that additi
40、onal standards under the IEEE 1902 identifier will provide other physical link options, command sets and standardization of commands and operations for specific vertical market applications. This standard specifies operation in the 47CFR15.209 emission regulation environment where field strength lev
41、els are below the threshold of regulation and thus permits operation world wide without requiring action on the part of regulatory bodies or the acquisition of special site licenses. This standard specifies: The functions and services required by an IEEE 1902.1 compliant device to operate within ad
42、hoc networks. The MAC procedures to support the delivery of MAC service data units (MSDU). PHY signaling techniques and interface functions. Operation of IEEE 1902.1 compliant devices within a wireless network that may co-exist with multiple other overlapping IEEE 1902.1 networks. 2. Normative refer
43、ences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
44、 references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. There are no external normative references for IEEE Std 1902.1. 3. Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitio
45、ns apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1.1 ad hoc network: A network composed solely of stations (controllers and responders) within mutual communications range of each other via the wireless medium (WM). 3.1.2 anti
46、-collision mechanism: A mechanism that enables the reception of a transmission from one controller or responder successfully and preferentially over the transmission of another. 3.1.3 backscatter transmission: The communication of information by de-tuning a receiving antenna, resulting in measurable
47、 changes in the carrier power being transmitted through a transmitting antenna. 3.1.4 broadcast address: A unique multi-cast address that specifies all tags. IEEE Std 1902.1-2009 IEEE Standard for Long Wavelength Wireless Network Protocol 3 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3.1.5 capacitive
48、coupling mode: An electromagnetic signal transmission mode that occurs in the near field from an antenna that preferentially emits electric field over magnetic field such as an electric dipole antenna. Signal strength drops of with31 r . 3.1.6 controller: A device that initiates controller/responder
49、 communication and provides addressing and command information. 3.1.7 far field: The electric and magnetic field of an antenna at distances more than one sixth ( 2 ) the wavelength of the carrier signal being used for communications. Signal in this region is dominated by planar wave mode transmission.13.1.8 hectometric frequency: 3003000 kHz also known as Medium Frequency of MF. This term is often refers to the range from 300kHz to 450 kHz which has special treatment in 47 CFR Part 15 FCC radiated power limitations. 3.1.9 inductive coupling mode: An
