1、 IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Sponsored by the Transformers Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std C57.96-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.96-1999) IEEE Std C57.96-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.96-1999) IE
2、EE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 11 December 2013 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: General recommendations for the loading of dry-type distribution and power transformers installed in venti
3、lated, non-ventilated, and sealed type enclosures are included in this standard. Keywords: ambient temperature, constant load, hottest-spot temperature, IEEE C57.96, loading capability, loading transformer, rated output, resin-encapsulated, solid-cast transformer, time constant, transient loading Th
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33、n responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformer Loading Working Group had the following membership: Richard
34、P. Marek, Chair James Antweiler Robert Ballard Carl Bush Terry Drees Derek Foster Juan Gutierrez Timothy Holdway Mike Iman John John Charles Johnson Aleksandr Levin Donald MacMillan Rogelio Martinez Aniruddha Narawane Martin Navarro Dhiru Patel Paulette Powell Lewis Powell Mangesh Rajadhyaksha Anil
35、Sawant Sanjib Som David Stankes Kerwin Stretch Vijay Tendulkar Robert Thompson Albert Walls The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. James Antweiler Robert Ballard Peter Balma Jeffrey Benach Wa
36、llace Binder Thomas Bishop Thomas Blackburn Carl Bush William Byrd Thomas Callsen Paul Cardinal John Crouse Glenn Davis Ray Davis Gary Donner Henry Earle Dan Evans Rabiz Foda Joseph Foldi Marcel Fortin Derek Foster Doaa Galal Jalal Gohari Randall Groves Bal Gupta Ajit Gwal Charles Haahr David Harris
37、 Roger Hayes Gary Heuston Timothy Holdway Jill Holmes Philip Hopkinson John Houdek John John Charles Johnson Laszlo Kadar Sheldon Kennedy Yuri Khersonsky Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu John Lackey Chung-Yiu Lam Stephen Lambert Aleksandr Levin Thomas Lundquist Richard P. Marek Omar Mazzoni Daniel Mulkey
38、Jerry Murphy K. R. M. Nair Martin Navarro Arthur Neubauer Michael Newman Raymond Nicholas Joe Nims Lorraine Padden Bansi Patel Wesley Patterson Paulette Powell Brian Penny Alvaro Portillo Iulian Profir Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Oleg Roizman John Rossetti Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo James Smith
39、Jerry Smith David Stankes Gary Stoedter Radoslaw Szewczyk David Tepen Robert Thompson John Vergis Jane Verner Tony Weekes Kenneth White Roger Wicks James Wilson Jian Yu Kipp Yule Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 11 December 2013, i
40、t had the following membership: John Kulick, Chair David J. Law, Vice Chair Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Mark Halpin Gary Hoffman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Michael J
41、anezic Joseph L. Koepfinger* Oleg Logvinov Ron Petersen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Adrian Stephens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janez
42、ic, NIST Representative Patrick Gibbons IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.96-2013, IEEE Guide for Lo
43、ading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers. This guide covers the loading of dry-type distribution and power transformers and has been developed to cover modern dry-type transformers through 10 000 kVA. The insulation systems referred to in this document meet the thermal evaluation criteria
44、established by the now withdrawn IEEE Std C57.12.56-1986aor the replacement document, IEEE Std C57.12.60. Work completed by the IEEE Insulation Life Subcommittee, comprising life test on transformer models, is the basis for the insulation life versus temperature relationship, designated as minimum l
45、ife expectancy in IEEE Std C57.12.56-1986 and IEEE C57.12.60, which in turn are based on the Arrhenius reaction rate theory. To avoid ambiguity, this guide will use the term “life expectancy” to indicate the life to be expected at a given temperature. The “normal life expectancy” at rated hottest-sp
46、ot temperature in a 30 C ambient is expected to be 20 years. For calculation purposes, 180 000 h is used as the expected lifetime. This revision of the guide combined the content for all dry-type transformers, including those with solid-cast and/or resin-encapsulated epoxy windings into the main bod
47、y of the document. In addition, the computer programs in Annex B have been updated to include all transformer types, and detailed examples of loading and aging have been provided in Annex C. Moreover, the document has been updated to reflect the current IEEE Style Guide format. aInformation on refer
48、ences can be found in Clause 2. Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. ixContents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 4. Overview 2 4.1 General information . 2 4.2 Transformer life expectancy 3 4.3 Transformer rated output . 3 4.4 Aging of insulati
49、on 4 4.5 Ambient temperature . 4 5. Loading equations 5 5.1 Continuous loading 5 5.2 Transient loading . 6 5.3 Time constants . 7 5.4 Calculation of loading capability . 8 6. Loading based on life expectancy 12 6.1 Basic conditions . 12 6.2 Factors affecting transformer life 12 6.3 Lifetime . 13 6.4 Example deriving lifetime calculation constants . 14 6.5 Method of converting actual load cycle to equivalent constant load . 15 6.6 Temperature limits for loading above rating . 17 6.7 Daily load calculations 18 6.8 Other limitations 19 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 2
