1、 Reference number ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-2 First edition 2012-09-01 Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) Part 2: Dialogue acts Gestion des ressources langagires Cadre dannotation smantique (SemAF) Partie 2: Actes de dialogue ISO 246
2、17-2:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at
3、the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All
4、rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Purpose and justification . 5 5 Basic concepts and metamodel . 6 6 Definition of communicative functions . 8 7 Annotation schemes . 9 7.1 Structure of annotation schemes 9 7.2 Multidimension
5、ality and multifunctionality 10 7.3 Multidimensionality, clustering and dimensions . 11 7.4 Dimension- specific and general-purpose functions 11 8 Dialogue segmentation . 13 9 Dimensions 14 9.1 Task. 15 9.2 Auto-Feedback . 15 9.3 Allo-Feedback 15 9.4 Turn Management 15 9.5 Time Management . 16 9.6 D
6、iscourse Structuring . 16 9.7 Social Obligations Management 16 9.8 Own Communication Management . 16 9.9 Partner Communication Management . 16 10 Core dialogue acts 17 10.1 General-purpose functions 19 10.2 Dimension-specific functions 20 10.3 Function qualifiers 22 11 Dialogue act markup language (
7、DiAML) . 23 11.1 Abstract syntax 23 11.2 Concrete syntax . 24 12 Principles for extending and restricting the standard . 25 12.1 Main design principles 25 12.2 Schema extension . 27 12.3 Scheme restriction 27 Annex A (informative) Annotation guidelines 29 Annex B (informative) Annotated dialogue exa
8、mples . 43 Annex C (normative) Formal definition of DiAML 56 Annex D (normative) DiAML technical schema 63 Annex E (normative) Data categories for core concepts . 68 Annex F (informative) Examples of possible additional data categories 88 Annex G (informative) Concepts in existing schemes 90 Bibliog
9、raphy 100 ISO 24617-2:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical commi
10、ttees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the I
11、nternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Internationa
12、l Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
13、 subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 24617-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management. ISO 24617 consists of the foll
14、owing parts, under the general title: Language resource management Semantic annotation framework: Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISO-TimeML) Part 2: Dialogue acts The following parts are under preparation: Part 3: Named entities (SemAF-NE) Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SRL) Part 5: Discourse s
15、tructure (SemAF-DS) Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF-Basics) Part 7: Spatial information (ISO-Space) Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF-DRel) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Language resource management Semantic annotation framewor
16、k (SemAF) Part 2: Dialogue acts 1 Scope This part of ISO 24617 provides a set of empirically and theoretically well-motivated concepts for dialogue annotation, a formal language for expressing dialogue annotations the dialogue act markup language (DiAML) and a method for segmenting a dialogue into s
17、emantic units. This allows the manual or automatic annotation of dialogue segments with information about the communicative actions which the participants perform by their contributions to the dialogue. It supports multidimensional annotation, in which units in dialogue are viewed as having multiple
18、 communicative functions. The DiAML language has an XML-based representation format and a formal semantics which makes it possible to apply inference to DiAML representations. This part of ISO 24617 specifies data categories for reference sets of communicative functions and dimensions of dialogue an
19、alysis and provides principles and guidelines for extending these sets or selecting coherent subsets of them. Additionally, it provides guidelines for annotators and annotated examples. It is applicable to spoken, written and multimodal dialogues involving two or more participants. 2 Normative refer
20、ences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 12620:2009, Terminology and other langu
21、age resources Specification of data categories and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources ISO 24610-1:2006, Language resource management Feature structures Part 1: Feature structure representation ISO 24612:2011, Language resource management Linguistic annotation framework 3 T
22、erms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 1)1) In this document, “he”, “him” and “his” are used in a generic sense, without implying any gender-related distinctions. ISO 24617-2:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.1 addressee dialogue (3.5
23、) participant (3.13) oriented to by the sender (3.18) in a manner to suggest that his utterances (3.22) are particularly intended for this participant and that some response is therefore anticipated from this participant, more so than from the other participants Note to entry: This definition is a d
24、e facto standard in the linguistics literature. It has been slightly modified here, in replacing “speaker” by “sender” and avoiding the use of ambiguous pronouns. Goffmans original definition says: “dialogue participant oriented to by the speaker in a manner to suggest that his utterances are partic
25、ularly intended for him and that some response is therefore anticipated from him/her, more so than from the other participants”. SOURCE: Goffman (1981). 3.2 allo-feedback act feedback act (3.8) where the sender (3.18) elicits information about the addressees (3.1) processing of an utterance (3.22) t
26、hat the sender contributed to the dialogue (3.5) or where the sender provides information about his perceived processing by the addressee of an utterance that the sender contributed to the dialogue before EXAMPLE A: Now move up. B: Slightly northeast you mean? A: Slightly yeah. A performs an allo-fe
27、edback act signalling that he thinks B understood his first utterance correctly. 3.3 auto-feedback act feedback act (3.8) where the sender (3.18) provides information about his own processing of an utterance (3.22) contributed to the dialogue (3.5) by another participant (3.13) EXAMPLE Bs utterance
28、in the example dialogue fragment in (3.2) signals that he is uncertain whether he understood the previous utterance correctly. 3.4 communicative function property of certain stretches of communicative behaviour, describing how the behaviour changes the information state (3.12) of an understander of
29、the behaviour Note to entry: A communicative function may be “qualified”, i.e. one or more qualifiers (3.14) may be associated with it. For example, an answer may be qualified as “uncertain” and the acceptance of a request may be “conditional”. See 10.3 for explanation and examples. 3.5 dialogue exc
30、hange of utterances (3.22) between two or more persons or artificial conversational systems 3.6 dialogue act communicative activity of a dialogue (3.5) participant (3.13), interpreted as having a certain communicative function (3.4) and semantic content (3.16) Note to entry: A dialogue act may also
31、have certain functional dependence relations (3.10), rhetorical relations (3.15) and feedback dependence relations (3.9) with other units in a dialogue (3.5). 3.7 dimension class of dialogue acts (3.6) that are concerned with a particular aspect of communication, corresponding to a particular catego
32、ry of semantic content ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3EXAMPLE Dialogue acts advancing the task or activity that motivates the dialogue (the Task dimension), dialogue acts providing and eliciting feedback (the Auto- and Allo-Feedback dimensions) and dialogue acts for allocating the
33、 speaker role (the Turn Management dimension). Note to entry: See Clauses 5, 7 and 9 for discussion and more examples. 3.8 feedback act dialogue act (3.6) which provides or elicits information about the senders (3.18) or the addressees (3.1) processing of something that was uttered in the dialogue N
34、ote to entry: Two classes of feedback are distinguished in this part of ISO 24617: allo-feedback acts (3.2) and auto- feedback acts (3.3). 3.9 feedback dependence relation relation between a feedback act (3.8) and the stretch of communicative behaviour whose processing the act provides or elicits in
35、formation about EXAMPLE In the example that accompanies definition 3.2, both the allo-feedback act expressed by utterance 3 and the auto-feedback act expressed by utterance 2 have a feedback dependence relation to utterance 1. 3.10 functional dependence relation relation between a given dialogue act
36、 (3.6) and a preceding dialogue act on which the semantic content of the given dialogue act depends due to its communicative function (3.4) EXAMPLE The relation between an answer and the corresponding question, such as between utterance 3 and utterance 2 in the example accompanying definition 3.2; o
37、r the relation between the acceptance of an offer and the corresponding offer. Note to entry: A dialogue act, A2, may also depend on another dialogue act, A1, occurring earlier in a dialogue because of relations between their semantic contents, e.g. because A2 contains a reference to an element occu
38、rring in A1. This is not a functional dependence relation, since it is not due to A2s communicative function. 3.11 functional segment minimal stretch of communicative behaviour that has one or more communicative functions (3.4) EXAMPLE The functional segment corresponding to the answer given by S in
39、 the following dialogue fragment does not include the parts “Just a moment please” and “ let me see.” but only the parts “the first train to the airport on Sunday morning is” and “at 5:45”: 1. U: What time is the first train to the airport on Sunday morning please? 2. S: Just a moment please. the fi
40、rst train to the airport on Sunday morning is let me see. at 5:45. Note 1 to entry: A consequence of this definition is that functional segments may be discontinuous, may overlap or be embedded and may contain parts contributed by different participants. Note 2 to entry: The condition of being “mini
41、mal” ensures that functional segments do not include material that does not contribute to the expression of a communicative function that identifies the segment. 3.12 information state context totality of a dialogue (3.5) participants (3.13) beliefs, assumptions, expectations, goals, preferences, ho
42、pes and other attitudes that may influence the participants interpretation and generation of communicative behaviour 3.13 participant person or artificial agent involved in the exchange of utterances (3.22) ISO 24617-2:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.14 qualifier predicate that can be associ
43、ated with a communicative function (3.4) EXAMPLE A: Would you like to have some coffee? B: Only if you have it ready. Bs utterance accepts As offer under a certain condition; this can be described by qualifying the communicative function Accept Offer with the predicate “conditional”. Note to entry:
44、See 10.3 for more examples. 3.15 rhetorical relation relation between two dialogue acts (3.6), indicating a pragmatic connection between the two or between their semantic contents (3.16) EXAMPLE 1 The statement in the second utterance which follows provides a motivation for the question in the first
45、 utterance: A: Can you tell me what flights there are to Sydney on Saturday? Id like to attend my mothers 80th birthday. EXAMPLE 2 A rhetorical relation between the semantic contents of two dialogue act occurs in the following, where the content of Bs statement mentions a cause for the content of As
46、 statement: A: I can never find these stupid remote controls B: Thats because they dont have a fixed location Note to entry: Relations such as elaboration, explanation, justification, cause and concession have been studied extensively in the analysis of (monologue) text, where they are often called
47、“rhetorical relations” or “discourse relations” and are mostly viewed either as relations between text segments or as relations between events or propositions, described in text segments. See, for example, Hovy and Maier, 1992, Lascarides the Allo- and Auto-Feedback dimensions correspond to the cate
48、gories of information about the processing by the current speaker or by the addressee, respectively, of something that was said before; the Turn Management dimension corresponds to the category of information about the allocation of the speaker role and so forth. 3.18 sender dialogue (3.5) participa
49、nt (3.13) who produces a dialogue act (3.6) 3.19 speaker sender (3.18) of a dialogue act (3.6) in the form of speech, possibly combined with nonverbal communicative behaviour Note to entry: A dialogue participant may say something while another participant occupies the speaker role (3.20), therefore the term “speaker” is not synonymous with “participant who occupies the speaker role”. ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 53.20 speaker role role occupied by a dialogue (3.5) participa
