1、 Reference number ISO 2836:2004(E) ISO 2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2836 Third edition 2004-03-15 Graphic technology Prints and printing inks Assessment of resistance to various agents Technologie graphique Impressions et encres dimprimerie valuation de la rsistance des impressions divers agents I
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5、en below. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member
6、 body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reservedISO 2836:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Fo
7、reword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Principle . 2 4.1 Liquid and solid agents 2 4.2 Solvents and varnishes 2 4.3 Acids. 2 5 Agents 2 5.1 General. 2 5.2 Water 2 5.3 Alkali. 2 5.4 Oils and fats. 2 5.5 Cheese 3 5.6 Detergents 3 5.7 Soaps 3 5.8 Waxes. 3 5.9 Spices
8、. 3 5.10 Solvents and varnishes 3 5.11 Acids. 3 5.12 Other agents 4 6 Apparatus and reagents. 4 6.1 Equipment and apparatus 4 6.2 Solvents and varnishes 5 7 Preparation of test pieces 5 8 Test methods. 5 8.1 Liquid agents. 5 8.2 Solid agents. 5 8.3 Meltable solid agents (waxes) . 6 8.4 Solid spices
9、. 6 8.5 Solvents and varnishes 6 8.6 Acids. 6 9 Evaluation of results. 7 9.1 Liquid and solid agents 7 9.2 Solvents and varnishes 7 9.3 Acids. 7 10 Test report 8 11 Test conditions 8 ISO 2836:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is
10、a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represent
11、ed on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are dra
12、fted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International St
13、andard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 2836 was prepared
14、by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 2836:1999). It also incorporated the requirements of, and cancels, ISO 2837:1996 Graphic technology Prints and printing inks Assessment of resistance to solvents and ISO 11628:1995
15、Graphic technology Prints and printing inks Determination of resistance of prints to acids. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2836:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Graphic technology Prints and printing inks Assessment of resistance to various agents 1 Scope This International Standard specifies metho
16、ds of assessing the resistance of printed materials to liquid and solid agents, solvents, varnishes, and acids. It applies to printing on all substrates by all of the traditional printing processes and digital imaging processes such as ink-jet, electrophotography, etc. using marking materials approp
17、riate to the printing process used. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
18、 applies. ISO 2834:1999, Graphic technology Test print preparation for offset and letterpress inks ISO 105-A03:1993, Textiles Tests for colour fastness Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.
19、1 agent liquid or solid to which a sample of printed material is exposed for the purpose of determining the resistance characteristics of that printed sample 3.2 resistance ability of a printed material to withstand exposure to a specified agent as determined by the tests defined in this Internation
20、al Standard ISO 2836:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved4 Principle 4.1 Liquid and solid agents A test piece cut from the print is brought into contact with the agent used. Assessment is made of any changes in the print and in the receptor surface which has been in contact with the print. 4.2 Sol
21、vents and varnishes A test piece cut from the print is immersed in the prescribed solvent or test varnish for a given time. The colour change of the solvent or varnish and the discoloration and any change of the test piece are noted and reported. 4.3 Acids A test piece cut from the print is pressed
22、between two sheets of filter paper previously wetted with a solution of the relevant acid. An assessment is made of any change to the print and any bleeding of the colour onto the filter paper. NOTE 1 The type and concentration of the acid and the duration of exposure are not standardized, but shoul
23、d be chosen according to the intended application of the print. Table 1 gives a list of commonly used types, concentrations and exposure durations. NOTE 2 The test piece includes both printing ink and substrate, because resistance may be affected by ink, substrate or the interaction between them. Te
24、st samples may be taken from existing printed material, or may be prepared to be representative of a planned printed product. 5 Agents 5.1 General The type of agent used and its concentration shall be reported. 5.2 Water This International Standard does not specify the type of water used for the ass
25、essment of resistance of prints. It may be tap water, distilled water, deionized water, natural water, carbonated water, sea water, etc. 5.3 Alkali This International Standard specifies a 1 % by mass solution of sodium hydroxide in distilled water used for the assessment of resistance of prints. 5.4
26、 Oils and fats This International Standard does not specify the oil or the fat to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints. It may be animal, vegetable, mineral, essential or synthetic, e.g. fish oil, olive oil, liquid paraffin, lavender oil, silicone oil, butter, margarine, lanolin, greas
27、e. ISO 2836:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 35.5 Cheese This International Standard does not specify the type of cheese, e.g. soft cheese or hard cheese, used for the assessment of resistance of prints. However, the cheese shall be used as a solid agent in a natural state, i.e. not liquefied. 5
28、.6 Detergents This International Standard does not specify the type of detergent, e.g. liquid or solid, used for the assessment of resistance of prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass. 5.7 Soaps This International Standard does not specify the type of soap, hard or soft, used for the assessment
29、 of resistance of prints, only its concentration: 1 % by mass. 5.8 Waxes This International Standard does not specify the type of wax to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints, i.e. animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic, e.g. beeswax, carnauba wax, paraffin wax, Fischer Tropsch wax. 5.
30、9 Spices This International Standard does not specify the spice to be used for the assessment of resistance of prints. 5.10 Solvents and varnishes This International Standard specifies solvents and varnishes, e.g. denatured ethanol, a mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-methoxy-propanol-2, or an
31、y other solvent or varnish for assessing the resistance of prints. 5.11 Acids This International Standard does not specify any particular acid or concentration, but does give examples of acids that are commonly found in commerce and in the home which can be used for the assessment of resistance of p
32、rints. The acid and concentration should be chosen according to the intended application of the print. The following acids are mentioned in this International Standard: lactic acid to simulate cheese and cheese products; citric acid to simulate the juice of citrus fruits; acetic acid to simulate pic
33、kles and vinegars; hydrochloric acid to simulate products with pH values 2; sulfuric acid. ISO 2836:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved5.12 Other agents The test methods set out in this International Standard may be used in the assessment of the resistance of prints to other agents such as the fo
34、llowing: hydraulic fluids; perfumes, deodorants; beverages: coffee, tea, beer, spirits; cosmetics: lipstick; skin cream. 6 Apparatus and reagents This clause lists supplies and equipment necessary to perform resistance tests. 6.1 Equipment and apparatus 6.1.1 Glass plates, 2, 60 mm 90 mm 2 mm. 6.1.2
35、 Laboratory filter paper, for qualitative chemical analysis, white, neutral, with a very smooth and soft surface, cut into strips 60 mm 90 mm. 6.1.3 Petri dish, W100 mm in diameter. 6.1.4 Test tubes, 2, of colourless glass, with inside diameter of approximately 16 mm and a height of approximately 16
36、0 mm. 6.1.5 Mass, 1 kg. 6.1.6 Time-piece. 6.1.7 Thermometer, capable of measuring from 20 C to 30 C. 6.1.8 Oven, capable of heating to 40 C. 6.1.9 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of (50 2) C. 6.1.10 Hot plate, capable of heating to 40 C above melting point of the wax. 6.1.11 Depth gauge,
37、rule, etc. 6.1.12 Surface, white, illuminated. 6.1.13 Grey scale for colour evaluation (see ISO 105-A03). 6.1.14 pH measuring device, e.g. test strip or meter. ISO 2836:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 56.2 Solvents and varnishes 6.2.1 Water, deionized. 6.2.2 Ethanol, denatured. 6.2.3 Denatured
38、ethanol ethyl acetate 1-methoxy-propanol-2 mixture, 60 % by volume; 30 % by volume; 10 % by volume. 6.2.4 Solvent, any provided that it is identified in the test report. 6.2.5 Acid, for test. 6.2.6 Varnish, for test. 7 Preparation of test pieces Prepare production prints or test prints using any sui
39、table method that allows a uniform distribution of ink to be formed on a specified substrate and dried in an appropriate manner, e.g. prepared in accordance with ISO 2834. 8 Test methods 8.1 Liquid agents Test conditions for various liquid agents are summarized in Table 2. Immerse the four strips of
40、 filter paper (6.1.2) to be used for the test totally in the liquid agent being tested and then drain them until no free agent drips from the filter paper. Place two saturated strips of filter paper on the lower glass plate (6.1.1). Place the 20 mm 50 mm test piece being evaluated on the filter pape
41、r and cover it with the other two strips of saturated filter paper. Cover with the other glass plate and place a 1 kg mass on top. Leave the package for the test duration specified in Table 2. Rinse the test pieces being tested for alkali, detergent or soap resistance with deionized water until the
42、rinse water has a neutral pH and dry test pieces (except those for oil resistance) in an oven for 30 min at a temperature of about 40 C. 8.2 Solid agents Test conditions for various solid agents are summarized in Table 2. Place a 20 mm 50 mm test piece with its printed side in contact with the fresh
43、ly prepared smooth surface of the agent being tested. Exert sufficient pressure on the test piece to ensure optimum contact with the solid agent. Store this package for the test duration under the conditions specified in Table 2. Carefully remove the test piece and, if required, allow to dry natural
44、ly. ISO 2836:2004(E) 6 ISO 2004 All rights reserved8.3 Meltable solid agents (waxes) Test conditions for various waxes are summarized in Table 2. Melt 50 g of the solid agent in the Petri dish and maintain a temperature of not more than 40 C higher than its melting point. Immerse a 20 mm 50 mm test
45、piece for 5 min, leaving a small section unimmersed to facilitate handling. Remove the test piece and allow to drip on a white filter paper while it is cooling. 8.4 Solid spices Test conditions for solid spices are summarized in Table 2. Place a 20 mm 50 mm test piece on the bottom of the Petri dish
46、, with the printed side up. Place a filter paper on top of the test piece and spread a layer of the test agent to a depth of at least 3 mm. Place a glass plate on the layer of the test agent and cover the Petri dish with the lid. Expose at the conditions specified in Table 2. 8.5 Solvents and varnis
47、hes Fill the test tube half full with the chosen solvent or varnish and submerge a test piece with an area of 6 cm 2in the solvent or varnish. The test temperature shall be (23 2) C. If only a limited solvent resistance is required from the ink, the duration of the test shall not exceed 5 s; otherwi
48、se, remove the test piece after 5 min and note whether the solvent has changed colour. For this purpose, compare the test tube to a second test tube containing only the solvent, both test tubes placed in front of a white surface and illuminated from the side. Dry the test piece for 10 min in the ove
49、n (6.1.8) at approximately 40 C. 8.6 Acids The recommended concentrations and durations of exposure for testing the resistance of prints to the most commonly used acids are given in Table 1. These recommended acids, concentrations and duration of exposures shall be used when no other guidelines concerning acids and test conditions are given. The test shall be conducted at a standard temperature depending on the climate where the print is used, commonly (20 2) C, (23
