1、 Reference number ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION ISO/PAS 12158 First edition 2002-07-15 Road vehicles Braking systems Temperature measuring methods Vhicules routiers Systmes de freinage Mthode de mesure des tempratures ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF fil
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6、copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Conti
7、nuous temperature measuring methods Dynamometer and vehicle.1 3 Other temperature measuring methods2 Annex A (normative) Temperature measuring methods.3 Annex B (normative) Installation examples .5 Bibliography11 ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Or
8、ganization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establ
9、ished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardizati
10、on. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
11、 Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO
12、Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreem
13、ent between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years with a view to deciding whether it should be confirmed for a further three years, revised to be
14、come an International Standard, or withdrawn. In the case of a confirmed ISO/PAS or ISO/TS, it is reviewed again after six years at which time it has to be either transposed into an International Standard or withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Publicly
15、Available Specification may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/PAS 12158 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 2, Braking systems and equipment. Annexes A and B form a normative
16、 part of this Publicly Available Specification. ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vIntroduction The current European regulations for the type-approval of road vehicle braking systems (ECE Regulation No. 13 1and ECE Regulation No. 90 2 ) specify that “the brakes must be cold; a brake
17、 is deemed to be cold when the temperature measured on the disc or on the outside of the drum is below 100 C”. The proposed harmonized braking regulations (Draft ECE Regulation 13-H and US FMVSS 135 3 ) for application in Europe, USA and Japan specify that “the brakes must be cold; the brakes are de
18、emed to be cold when the temperature measured on the braking path of the disc or drum or inside the brake linings is between 65 C and 100 C on the hottest brake under test”. Vehicle, brake and brake lining manufacturers, as well as independent test institutes, are conscious of the need for a means o
19、f measuring and recording brake temperature data during the whole test run. This Publicly Available Specification is aimed at meeting that need, the temperature measuring methods given in its clause 2 having been proven over many years of practical use. It also provides a review of possible temperat
20、ure measuring methods, which can be used to meet the limited demands of the current European regulations, in Tables A.1 and A.2 of annex A. PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Road vehicles Braking systems Temperature measuring methods 1 Scope This Pu
21、blicly Available Specification presents methods for measuring the temperature of braking systems in road vehicles. It is applicable to both disc and drum brakes fitted on passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and its methods are suitable for either dynamometer tests in the laboratory or vehicle te
22、sts on road and track. 2 Continuous temperature measuring methods Dynamometer and vehicle 2.1 General Two different, common methods may be used for measuring the temperature of brake discs and drums. The first is the use of embedded thermocouples in the braking surface of the disc and drum (see Figu
23、re B.1). This method generates a need to transfer the signal from rotating to stationary parts by means of slip rings or a power supply (battery) and telemetry. It is used on dynamometers and in vehicles. The signal transfer from rotating to stationary parts is not necessary if the sensors are embed
24、ded in the brake linings (see Figures B.2 and B.3). The second method is the use of rubbing thermocouples (see Figures B.4 to B.7). A rubbing thermocouple consists of a thermo-junction loaded by a low-rate spring against the braking surface of the brake disc or drum and therefore not needing slip ri
25、ng contacts. The load on the sensor may be up to 1 N but the temperature rise due to self- heating should be less than 15 C at 50 km/h. A third method, gaining in popularity, uses an infrared emission sensor operating without any contact between the rotating parts, and measures drum/disc temperature
26、s without resort to slipping contacts or wearing parts. 2.2 Installation Depending on the measuring task, thermocouples may be installed in each brake to establish the hottest brake temperature and reveal any temperature differentials. In order that the temperature indicator (nowadays, typically a d
27、igital meter) can be placed in a convenient position inside the vehicle, special extension or compensating leads should be used for connecting the measuring thermocouple to this meter. It is also customary to transfer the cold junction to the meter end. However, modern meters/measuring systems inclu
28、de solid-state cold junction compensation for ambient temperatures between 0 C and 40 C adequate for the vehicle testing required by regulations. ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved2.3 Calibration Calibration is effected by adjustment of the circuit resistance (given a constant load
29、), using an external variable resistor. Various proprietary calibrators are available to suit particular thermocouples. These calibrators insert into the circuit a voltage which is the same as that produced by the measuring junction at a specified temperature, thereby allowing the external resistor
30、to be adjusted to give a corresponding temperature reading on the meter. A typical, practical temperature-measuring installation in which automatic cold-junction compensation is employed has a range of 0 C to 1 000 C. Multi-channel recording/logging equipment may be added to the circuits (before cal
31、ibration) so as to provide a permanent record of the vehicle brake temperatures during subsequent test stages. 3 Other temperature measuring methods The tables of Annex A summarize a number of different methods that may be used for measuring brake temperatures in order to meet the requirements of th
32、e braking regulations mentioned in the introduction. ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 3Annex A (normative) Temperature measuring methods A.1 Temperature measurement on stationary vehicle See Table A.1. Table A.1 Method Valuation criteria Touch method: by finger; by hand. subjective
33、; small measuring range; poor resolution (cold/warm decision); applicable mainly to drum brakes, decision: “brakes deemed to be cold”. Colour changing method: measuring strip; chalk. maximum value indicator; single measurement; restricted measuring range per measuring strip; knowledge of temperature
34、 range for selection of the suitable measuring strip required; restricted resolution. Melting cone remaining height is the value for temperature; temperature at the moment; single measurement; application area plain/horizontal; restricted resolution. Contact thermometer (thermocouple etc.) continuou
35、s measurement; measuring accuracy dependent on handling; high resolution; simple handling; highly practical. ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) 4 ISO 2002 All rights reservedA.2 Temperature measurement on dynamometer or moving vehicle See Table A.2. Table A.2 Method Valuation criteria Thermocouples installed in
36、brake lining: contact with rotating surface; non-contact with rotating surface (recess under lining surface). See documents: US FMVSS 135 3US FMVSS 105 4US FMVSS 121 5Japan JASO C 402 6(See Figures B.6 and B.7.) brake lining temperature measurement; no slip ring required; conforms with ECE Regulatio
37、n No 13, Annex 15 a b ; simple installation in drum brakes; installation on disc brakes depending on design; high resolution. Thermocouples installed in/on disc or drum: contact with rotating surface; non-contact with rotating surface (recess under disc/drum surface). signal transfer from rotating t
38、o stationary parts necessary; much installation required; high accuracy of measurement; prior damage of the parts caused by thermocouples possible; high resolution. Measurement between rotating and stationary parts: (infrared pyrometer etc.) mainly useful on dynamometers; easy installation (no signa
39、l transfer from rotating to stationary parts); little experience in vehicle tests. aECE Regulation No. 13 requires disc/drum temperature. bAll methods covered in this Publicly Available Specification are suitable for verifying compliance with the requirements of ECE Regulation No. 13 for temperature
40、s t 100 C for cold brakes. ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 5Annex B (normative) Installation examples Figures B.1 to B.7 show typical test set-ups, which may be used for the test methods given in clause 2. Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 Brake disc 2 Embedded thermocouple 3 Brake
41、drum Figure B.1 Typical embedded thermocouple installation ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) 6 ISO 2002 All rights reservedDimensions in millimetres Key 1 Copper tube outer diameter (OD) = 3,18 mm; inner diameter (ID) = 2,18 mm; initial length = 4,76 mm 2 Core bore (CB) (diameter = 2,54 mm) in brake lining 3 Si
42、lver solder on twisted ends of thermocouple 4 Through hole (diameter = 2,79 mm) 5 Thermocouple table with insulation (duplex wire; inner core diameter = 0,81 mm; resistance = 0,115 /m) 6 Brake lining material 7 Shoe 8 Drum aRecessed 1,02 mm below ground surface, produced by further grinding. bPlaced
43、 on the deinsulated and twisted thermocouple wires before soldering. Figure B.2 Typical plug thermocouple installation Drum brake ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 7Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 Copper tube (see, also, Figure B.2) 2 Core bore CB in lining material (CB diameter = 2
44、,54 mm) 3 Silver solder on twisted end of thermocouple 4 Through hole (diameter = 2,79 mm) 5 Thermocouple cable with insulation 6 Brake lining material 7 Backing plate 8 Disc 9 Disc brake pad 10 Calliper aRecessed 2,04 mm below ground surface. bGround to a length of 3,18 mm after soldering. Figure B
45、.3 Typical plug thermocouple installation Disc brake ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) 8 ISO 2002 All rights reservedKey 1 Shrinkable tubing 2 Bushing 3 Cap 4 Spring 5 Adapter 6 Insulator 7 Tip plate 8 Spring 9 Thermocouple wire Figure B.4 Typical rubbing thermocouple assembly Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 Co
46、pper button Figure B.5 Alternative rubbing thermocouple assembly ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 9Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 General rotation Figure B.6 Thermocouple position Disc brake ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) 10 ISO 2002 All rights reservedKey 1 General rotation 2 Alternative
47、position Figure B.7 Thermocouple position Drum brake ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 11Bibliography 1 ECE 1)Regulation No. 13, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to braking 2 ECE Regulation No. 90, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of repla
48、cement brake lining assemblies for power-driven vehicles and their trailers 3 FMVSS 135, Light vehicle brake systems Passenger Cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks and buses 4 FMVSS 105, Hydraulic and electric brake systems Passenger cars 2)5 FMVSS 121, Air brake systems Trucks, buses, and
49、trailers 6 JASO 3)C 402, Passenger car Service brake road test procedure 1) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2) US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS). 3) Japanese Automobile Standards Organization (JASO). ISO/PAS 12158:2002(E) ICS 43.040.40 Price based on 11 pages ISO 20
