1、 ISO 2012 Geographic information Ontology Part 1: Framework Information gographique Ontologie Partie 1: Cadre de travail TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19150-1 First edition 2012-11-15 Reference number ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED D
2、OCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member b
3、ody in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1
4、 Scope . 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative references 1 4 T erms and definitions . 1 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3 6 Ontology in geographic information 4 6.1 Introduction 4 6.2 Values of ontologies 4 6.3 Issues of relevance . 5 7 Framework . 5 7.1 Overview of the framework . 5 7.2 Rules for deve
5、loping ontologies in the Web Ontology Language 7 7.3 Semantic operators . 7 7.4 Service ontology. 7 7.5 Domain ontology registry 9 7.6 Service ontology registry . 9 7.7 Harmonized ontologies . 9 7.8 Framework package dependencies . 9 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .10 Annex B (informative)
6、Background information on ontologies16 Annex C (informative) Ontology matching 27 Bibliography .29 ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International
7、Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, al
8、so take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committ
9、ees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, partic
10、ularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publica
11、tion if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee castin
12、g a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it
13、 must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 19150-1 was prepar
14、ed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. ISO/TS 19150 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information Ontology: Part 1: Framework Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) 1) The following parts are under
15、 development: Part 3: Semantic operators Part 4: Service ontology Part 5: Domain ontology registry Part 6: Service ontology registry 1) To be published.iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) Introduction For more than two decades (since the World Wide Web was established) the web has
16、 been a network of data with proper syntax (structure) but without any meaning (semantics) to the machine. The Semantic Web has introduced the Web of data. The Semantic Web became an extension of the already existing web of data, by adding machine-processable data (with embedded semantics) as oppose
17、d to just documents. It can be seen as a tremendous worldwide open database that people can query from their own perspective, understanding, or abstraction of real world phenomena or events and get accurate, detailed, and appropriate answers. This approach involves reasoning capabilities based on on
18、tologies. Following this path the notion of “Linked Data” has been introduced for data of various kinds, coming from different sources, to be connected together on the Web by the way of HTTP URIs. As a consequence, the Semantic Web and Linked Data bring new opportunities for the geographic informati
19、on realm to lay out a new generation of standards in order to benefit from these in achieving semantic interoperability of geographic information. Ontology consists of a formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discourse with an underlying vocabulary including definitions and axioms that
20、make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena and their interrelationships. It supports the representation of concepts that supports the interpretation of data and reasoning to concur to semantic interoperability. Data from different disciplines including geographic information can be in
21、tegrated and contribute to addressing from specific (e.g. oil spill) to global problems (e.g. climate change). This Technical Specification defines a high level framework that structures the standards specifically addressing the semantics of geographic information through ontologies. The proposed ot
22、her parts of the framework include: ISO 19150-2, Geographic information Ontology Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), defines rules and guidelines for the development of ontologies in OWL- DL, including a mapping between UML class diagram elements and OWL-DL an
23、d rules for describing application schemas in OWL-DL. ISO 19150-3, Geographic information Ontology Part 3: Semantic operators, defines semantic proximity operators between concepts that complement geometric and temporal operators. ISO 19150-4, Geographic information Ontology Part 4: Service ontology
24、, identifies the framework for service ontology and defines the description of Web services for geographic information in an ontology language. ISO 19150-5, Geographic information Ontology Part 5: Domain ontology registry, defines an international registry of geographic information domain ontologies
25、 and its maintenance. ISO 19150-6, Geographic information Ontology Part 6: Service ontology registry, defines an international registry of geographic information service ontologies and its maintenance. These parts are completed with the ISO/TC 211 Harmonized ontologies that consist of a set of OWL-D
26、L ontologies that translate and complement the ISO/TC 211 Harmonized models developed in UML. This Technical Specification is intended to be used primarily by standards developers in geographic information. It can also benefit information system analysts, program planners and developers of ISO geogr
27、aphic information standards. It will improve understanding of the basic principles of semantic interoperability and their consistent application to geographic information. ISO 2012 All rights reserved v Geographic information Ontology Part 1: Framework 1 Scope This Technical Specification defines th
28、e framework for semantic interoperability of geographic information. This framework defines a high level model of the components required to handle semantics in the ISO geographic information standards with the use of ontologies. 2 Conformance Any documents claiming conformance with this Technical S
29、pecification shall pass the requirements described in the abstract test suite presented in Annex A. 3 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited
30、 applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19109:2005, Geographic information Rules for application schema ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information Services
31、 ISO 19135:2005, Geographic information Procedures for item registration 4 T erms an d definiti ons For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 application schema conceptual schema (4.3) for data (4.4) required by one or more applications SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 2)
32、, 4.1.2 4.2 conceptual model model that defines concepts of a universe of discourse SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 3) , 4.1.5 2) To be published. 3) To be published. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) 4.3 conceptual schema formal description of
33、 a conceptual model (4.2) SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 4) , 4.1.6 4.4 data reinterpretable representation of information (4.7) in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, 01.01.02 4.5 feature abstraction of real world phenomena SOURCE: ISO 19
34、101-1: 5) , 4.1.11 4.6 framework logical structure for classifying and organizing complex information (4.7) SOURCE: ISO/TS 27790:2009, 3.27 4.7 information knowledge (4.8) concerning objects, such as facts, events, things, processes, or ideas, including concepts, that within a certain context has a
35、particular meaning SOURCE: ISO 2382-1:1993, 01.01.01 4.8 knowledge cognizance which is based on reasoning NOTE Adapted from ISO 5127:2001, 1.1.3.14. 4.9 metadata data (4.4) about data SOURCE: ISO 19115:2003, 4.5 4.10 ontology formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discourse with an unde
36、rlying vocabulary including definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena and their interrelationships SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 6) , 4.1.24 4.11 registry information (4.7) system on which a register is maintained SOURCE: ISO 19135:2005, 4.1.13 4) To be published.
37、5) To be published. 6) To be published.2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) 4.12 schema formal description of a model SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 7) , 4.1.32 4.13 Semantic Web Web of data (4.4) with meaning SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 8) , 4.1.33 NOTE The association of meaning allows data and in
38、formation (4.7) to be understood and processed by automated tools as well as by people. 4.14 universe of discourse view of the real or hypothetical world that includes everything of interest SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 9) , 4.1.36 4.15 Un i f or m R e s ou r c e Ident i f ier ( UR I) unique identifier for
39、a resource, structured in conformance with IETF RFC 2396 SOURCE: ISO 19136:2007, 4.1.65 4.16 Web service service that is made available through the Web SOURCE: ISO 19101-1: 10) , 4.1.39 NOTE A W e b s e r v i c e u s u a l l y i n c l u d e s s o m e c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r o g r a m m i n g a
40、 n d d a t a . I t m a y a l s o i n c l u d e human resources. 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purpose of this Technical Specification, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol LCCS Land Cover Classification System LADM Land Administration Domain M
41、odel ODM Ontology Definition Metamodel OMG Object Management Group OWL Web Ontology Language OWL-DL OWL - Description Logic OWL-S Semantic Markup for Web Services 7) To be published. 8) To be published. 9) To be published. 10) To be published. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) PD
42、F Portable Document Format RDF Resource Description Framework RDF-S RDF Schema RIF Rule Interchange Format SPARQL Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language UML Unified Modelling Language URI Uniform Resource Identifier W3C World Wide Web Consortium XML eXtensible Markup Language WSMO Web Service Modell
43、ing Ontology 6 Ontology in geographic information 6.1 Introduction Semantics has an essential role in the interoperability of geographic information. The background information to explain this is provided in Annex B. Ontology is a fundamental notion to support semantic interoperability of geographic
44、 information. Accordingly, this Technical Specification adheres to the information technology and artificial intelligence viewpoint for ontology. In agreement with this viewpoint and in the context of ISO geographic information standards, an ontology refers to a formal representation of phenomena wi
45、th an underlying vocabulary including definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena and their interrelationships. An ontology can be used by software applications to support the sharing, reuse, and integration of geographic information with any other informati
46、on sources within a domain of knowledge as well as between various domains of knowledge. It is represented by classes, relations, properties, attributes, and values. It constitutes a foundation to support reasoning, interpretation, and inference. 6.2 Values of ontologies Ontology is a fundamental no
47、tion for semantic interoperability, for data available on the Semantic Web and as such for geographic information interoperability. The following values of ontology are recognized as important with respect to interoperability of geographic information: Interoperability across domains; Expose ISO geo
48、graphic information standards to other communities that are not aware of the geographic information domain; Automatic machine reasoning and inference; From data description via information description to knowledge description; Focus on online access of information and knowledge (as opposed to offlin
49、e access); Interrelate similar/different c o n c e p t s ( s u c h a s d i f f e r e n t k e y w o r d s f o r s i m i l a r c o n c e p t s i n metadata); and Associate (similar/different) concepts between domains.4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO/TS 19150-1:2012(E) 6.3 Issues of relevance Considering the values of ontologies for interoperability of geographic information, the following issues become relevant for the ISO geographic information st
