1、武汉大学考博英语-7 及答案解析(总分：82.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：32.00)In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McGuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments. But the instructor at US“s Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting har
2、der every day. “I kid you not, the number of errors that I“ve seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,“ she said. Experts say email and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure. They say t
3、he problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates. “They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),“ said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C. “They didn“t necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.“ Ironi
4、cally, Baron“s latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It“s Heading,“ became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book“s title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,“ she said. “And now they just say “w
5、hatever“.“ “Whatever“ describes Jeanette Henderson“s attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,“ she said. But the family and consumer sciences major believes h
6、er future bosses won“t mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They“re not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,“ Henderson said. LSU“s McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit their purpose. She emphasizes that there“s the informal lan
7、guage of an email to a friend, but there“s also the well thought out and structured academic or professional style of writing. It“s not just email and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits. Society as a whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserve
8、d for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There“s also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adults do. English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for exa
9、mple, spelling wasn“t considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread. There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.（分数：8.00）(1).According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?（分数：1.00）A.More and more
10、 students ask her to teach how to write instant messagesB.More and more structural errors are seen in her students“ writingsC.Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning EnglishD.Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school(2).We can infer from the passage that
11、college students _.（分数：1.00）A.are the victims of the deteriorating educationB.mostly have very bad handwritingC.don“t think they“re writing bad EnglishD.are ashamed of their poor writing skills(3).What happened to Baron“s latest book?（分数：1.00）A.It was poorly editedB.It failed to come outC.It was ren
12、amed “Whatever“D.It caused her to lose her job(4).What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?（分数：1.00）A.Computer ScienceB.LinguisticsC.Editing and PublishingD.Family and Consumer Sciences(5).According to the passage, sloppy writing _.（分数：1.00）A.parallels a social tendency of being i
13、nformalB.worries students as well as professorsC.is taken as trivial by employersD.is ignored in all business concerned sciences(6).The word “distinct“ (in boldface) in the context means _.（分数：1.00）A.clearB.differentC.elegantD.appropriate(7).Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students“ ca
14、sual writing?（分数：1.00）A.EmailingB.Slack teachingC.Youth cultureD.Instant messaging(8).How does the author feel about the future of the English language?（分数：1.00）A.ConfidentB.GloomyC.WorriedD.UncertainWalls and wail building have played a very important role in Chinese culture. These people, from the
15、 dim mists of prehistory have been wall-conscious; from the Neolithic periodwhen ramparts of pounded earth were used-to the Communist Revolution, walls were an essential part of any village. Not only towns and villages, the houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also
16、had no windows overlooking the street, thus giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze. The name for “city“ in Chinese means wall, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples presides the god of walls and mounts, whose duties were, and still are, to protect and be responsible
17、for the welfare of the inhabitants. Thus a great and extremely laborious task such as constructing a wall, which was supposed to run through the country, must not have seemed such an absurdity. However, it is indeed a commom mistake to perceive the great wall as a single architectural structure, and
18、 it would also be erroneous to assume that it was built during a single dynasty. For the building of the wall spanned the various dynasties, and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the reburbishing and the construction of a wall, whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago. It was
19、during the fourth and third century B.C. that each warring state started building walls to protect their kingdoms, both against one another and against the northern nomads. Especially three of these states: the Qin, the Zhao and the Yan, corresponding respectively to the modern provinces of Shanxi,
20、Shaanxi and Hebei, over and above building walls that surrounded their kindoms, also laid the foundations on which Qin Shih Huang Di would build his first continuous Great Wall. The role that the Great Wall played in the growth of Chinese economy was an important one. Throughout the centuries many s
21、ettlements were established along the new border. The garrison troops were instructed to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals were built, to mention just a few of the works carried out. All these undertakings greatly helped to increase the country“s trade and cultural exchang
22、es with many remote areas and also with the southern, central and western parts of Asiathe formation of the Silk Route. Builders, garrisons, artisans, farmers and peasants left behind a trail of objects, including inscribed tablets, household articles, and written work, which have become extremely v
23、aluable archaeological evidence to the study of defense institutions of the Great Wall and the everyday life of these people who lived and died along the wall.（分数：8.00）(1).Chinese cities resembled a maze because _.（分数：2.00）A.they were designed to protect their kingdomsB.the houses had no external wi
24、ndowsC.the name for cities means “wall“D.walls have always been important there(2).Constructing a wall that ran the length of the country _.（分数：2.00）A.honored the god of wails and mountsB.was an absurdly laborious taskC.may have made sense within Chinese cultureD.made the country look like a huge ma
25、ze(3).The Great Wall of China _.（分数：2.00）A.used existing foundationsB.was built in a single dynastyC.was built by the Qin, the Zhao and the YanD.was refurbished in the fourth and third centuries (4).Crops were planted _.（分数：2.00）A.on wastelandB.to reclaim wastelandC.on reclaimed wastelandD.along the
26、 canalsOn February 10, the world of psychiatry will be asked, metaphorically, to lie on the couch and answer questions about the state it thinks it is in. For that is the day the American Psychiatric Association (APA) plans to release a draft of the fifth version of its Diagnostic and Statistical Ma
27、nual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Mental illness carrying such stigma () as it does, and the brain being as little-understood as it is, revising the DSM is always a controversial undertaking. This time, however, some of the questions asked of the process are likely to be particularly probing. The DS
28、M, the first version of which was published in 1952, lists recognized psychological disorders and the symptoms used to diagnose them. In the United States, what is in it influences whether someone will be diagnosed with an illness at all, how he will be treated if he is so diagnosed, and whether his
29、 insurance company will pay for that treatment. Researchers in other countries generally defer to the DSM, too, making the manual“s definitions a lingua franca for the science of medical psychology. And, perhaps most profoundly, the DSM, then, is an important document. The APA has been working on th
30、e latest revision since 1999, and will not release the final version until May 2013. But some people are already accusing it of excessive secrecy and being too ambitious about the changes it proposes. Those critics will be picking over the draft next week to see if their fears have been realized. Th
31、e original DSM reflected the “psychodynamic“ view of mental illness, in which problems were thought to result from an interplay between personality and life history. (Think Freud, Jung and long hours recounting your childhood and dreams.) The third version, which was published in 1980, took a more m
32、edical approach. Mental illnesses were seen as distinct and classifiable, like physical diseases. DSM- came with checklists of symptoms that allowed straightforward, unambiguous diagnosis. Psychiatry began to seem less like an art form and more like a science. DSM- also introduced many more diagnose
33、s than had appeared before. These included attention-deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia. In fact, the number of specific diagnoses more than doubled between DSM- and DSM-, from 106 to 265. DSM-IV, published in 1994, increased the number to 267, but left the underlying
34、 model alone.（分数：8.00）(1).The fn-st paragraph of the passage above suggests that_（分数：2.00）A.the world of psychiatry are about to undertake a probing experimentB.it is no easy task for the general public to agree on mental disordersC.it is often possible to reach an agreement on the rewriting of the
35、manualD.the latest version of the manual will be more successful than its precedents(2).Since its first publication in 1952, the DSM has been influential in that_（分数：2.00）A.it has caused little problem in the actual diagnosis of the illnessB.its stipulation gives exact instructions on the treatment
36、of the illnessC.its principles are adhered to by not only doctors but also patientsD.it is widely recognized as an important part of medical psychology(3).All the following statement are true EXCEPT_（分数：2.00）A.The final draft of the latest version will take four years to completeB.The latest version
37、 will introduce a number of changesC.The third version was much more scientific than the earlier versionsD.Freud is cited as a scientific account of mental illnesses(4).Which version of the DSM is given the least discussion in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The secondB.The thirdC.The fourthD.The fifthWhat i
38、s so special about intuitive talent? Extensive research on brain skills indicates that those who score as highly intuitively on such test instruments as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator tend to be the most innovative in strategic planning and decisionmaking. They tend to be more insightful and better
39、 at finding new ways of doing things. In business, they are the people who can sense whether a new product idea will “fly“ in the marketplace. They are the people who will generate ingenious new solutions to old problems that may have festered for years. These are the executives that all organizatio
40、ns would love to find. But, surprisingly, organizations often thwart, block, or drive out this talent-the very talent they require for their future survival! At the very least, most organizations lack well- established human-capital programs designed to search for and consciously use their employees
41、“ intuitive talent in the strategic-planning process. As a result, this talent is either not used, suppressed, or lost altogether. Typically, highly intuitive managers work in an organizational climate that is the opposite of that which would enable them to flourish and to readily use their skills f
42、or strategic decisionmaking. This climate can be characterized as follows: New ideas are not readily encouraged. Higher managers choose others who think much as they do for support staff. Unconventional approaches to problemsolving encounter enormous resistance. Before long, the intuitive executive
43、begins to emotionally withdraw, slowly but surely reducing his or her input and often leaving the organization altogether. To achieve higher productivity in the strategic-planning and decisionmaking process, clearly what is needed is an organizational climate in which intuitive brain skills and styl
44、es can flourish and be integrated with more-traditional management techniques. The organization“s leadership must have a special sensitivity to the value of intuitive input in strategic decisionmaking and understand how to create an environment in which the use of intuition will grow, integrating it
45、 into the mainstream of the organization“s strategic-planning process.（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following does NOT describe intuitive talents?（分数：2.00）A.They are innovative in strategic planningB.They are good at finding new approaches to old problemsC.They are the executives that all organizations
46、would love to findD.They are fully utilized(2).Highly intuitive managers typically work in a climate that _.（分数：2.00）A.enables them to flourishB.discourages new ideasC.achieves higher productivityD.both A and C(3).An executive might leave the organization because _.（分数：2.00）A.he is hurtB.he is fired
47、C.his intuitive talent is not usedD.he earns too little(4).An organization“s leadership should do all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.separating intuitive styles from traditional management techniquesB.learning how to use creative thinkingC.learning how to use problemsolving skillsD.none of the
48、 above二、Part Translation(总题数：2，分数：30.00)1.改革开放以来，中国找到了一条适合自己国情的促进和发展人权的道路。中国是一个历 史悠久、人口众多、资源和财富相对短缺的东方发展中国家。在这样一个国家促进人权，既 不能照搬西方国家的人权发展模式，也不能因袭其他发展中国家的做法，只能从中国的 国情出发，探索具有自身特点的发展道路。改革开放以后，中国在总结历史经验和教训的基 础上，找到了一条真正符合中国国情的促进人权发展的道路。这就是：将生存权和发展权放 在首位，在改革、发展、稳定和条件下，全面推进人权。这条道路的特点是：在发展人权的 基本方向上，坚持发展生产力和共同
49、富裕的原则，立足于改善全国人民的生活和促进全国人 权的发展。在促进人权和轻重缓急上，强调生存权、发展权的首要地位，同时兼顾公民的政 治、经济、社会、文化权利和个人、集体权利的全面发展；在促进和保障人权的方式上强调 稳定是前提，发展是关键，改革是动力，法制是保障。20 多年来，由于中国坚持了这条正确 的发展道路，不仅使全国人民的生活状况和精神风貌大为改观，而且形成了一整套比较完备 的保障人民民主权利的政治制度和法律体系，从而使人权建设在制度化、法律化的轨道上取 得了长足和进展，人权状况呈现出不断改善的良好态势。 （分数：20.00）_2.筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中送入口中的最简单同时也是最有效的工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同。选材包括竹子、木材、象牙、塑料、铝、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常为厨房用筷。过去人们用嵌有银器的木筷来测试是否有人在餐中下毒，因为银器碰到许多有毒品都会起变
