1、BFT 阅读（综合）-试卷 21 及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part 2(总题数：4，分数：40.00)1. People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. 2. Social scient
2、ists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches
3、are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature / nurture“. 3. Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely
4、 determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost compl
5、etely governed by our instincts. 4. Proponents of the “nurture“ theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is
6、 almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. 5. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In t
7、he United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“ proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often d
8、eprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do. 6. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies some
9、where between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. Questions 1-5 Directions: For questions 1-5, choose the best title for each paragraph from below. For each numbered paragraph(2-6), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. fro not mark any letter twice
10、. A. Ideas of nurture theory B. Nature and nurture theory C. Profound implications of these two theories D. The formation of personalities E. Ideas of nature theory F. No satisfactory answer to explain human behavior G. Cooperative or competitive（分数：10.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragra
11、ph 3 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Paragraph 6 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_Directions: Using the information in the text, complete each sentence 6-10, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence(6-10), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer
12、Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. blacks are genetically inferior to whites B. blacks dont have the same opportunity for education as whites do C. the social and political implications of these two theories are profound D. biological based instincts are important in how we act E. the correct e
13、xplanation of human behavior will take sides from both theories F. still, there is no satisfactory answer to it G. human behavior is determined mainly by their surroundings（分数：10.00）(1).Proponents of the “nature“ theory believe that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Behaviorists believe that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(
14、3).The authors purpose of mentioning blacks score below whites on standardized intelligence tests is to show that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of the article believes 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).As to the question how peoples personalities and behaviors is fo
15、rmed, 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_1. There is an alarming possibility that our American economy is moving in the direction of what some people call a two-tier society a large population of people with middle-class or higher incomes and values, with a considerable increase at the top, and a large number of peo
16、ple who have been economically and culturally uncoupled from the main society. 2. What is most alarming is that the ladder that has connected the bottom to the top is now missing some important crossbars. There were certain industries, like the steel and auto industries, that provided more or less c
17、ontinuous ladders of jobs from the bottom to the top. You could enter as an unskilled person, acquire new skills, and move up the ladder into secure, unionized, better-paying jobs. But now these industries have been seriously put in danger, and their place as employers has been replaced by what I ca
18、ll the McDonalds employers. More people work for McDonalds than work for U S Steel, but McDonalds has no ladder. The problem is serious. 3. A great many economists, myself included, feel uneasy about the fact that 70 percent of the economy does what is called service work and only 30 percent does wh
19、at is called goods-related work. New technology keeps entering the economy and bringing employment into disorder. When you look back at how the American economy developed, you see a migration off the farm into the factory and out of the factory into the office. The main push has come from technology
20、. There has been relatively little new machinery to push people out of the office, but thats changing now. If the computer creates jobs in the office, the service sector will increase and there will be no squeezing of employment. But if technology presses service people out of work, I dont know wher
21、e they are going to go. 4. Personally, I think American optimism is in for a very severe challenge. We have always considered ourselves virtually to have a right to be number one in the world. But of course we dont have any such right of assurance. And we have to be patiently prepared for unsettling
22、 fact that we are number two, or three, or four in many ways. In terms of health, for instance, we have fallen seriously behind, and thats a big blow to our self-image. 5. In the next 20 years the government will have to take active steps in providing work and income for the bottom one third of the
23、population. The government unwillingly provides some sort of income, but it doesnt provide work. And work is essential for peoples self-respect and also for the building of many kinds of basic frameworks that are needed in the country. Questions 1-5 Directions: For questions 1-5, choose the best tit
24、le for each paragraph from below. For each numbered paragraph(2-5), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet, fro not mark any letter twice. A. Imbalance of service and goods-related work B. America as a polarized society C. Missing of ladders to the good jobs D. Technology policy of America E. Unem
25、ployment problems in America F. Necessity of providing work for the poor G. American optimism in challenge（分数：10.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Paragraph 6 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_Directions: Using t
26、he information in the text, complete each sentence 6-10, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence(6-10), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. work B. new technology C. American optimism D. a polarized society E. a developed society F. the cha
27、nce to work in McDonalds G. the chance to learn skills and get well-paid jobs（分数：10.00）(1).A two-tier society is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).The ladder that has connected the bottom to the top refers to 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).According to the passage, the main cause of farm-factory-office migration is 1.（分
28、数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).In the authors opinion, the government didnt provide the poor with 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).In the authors opinion, 1 is in for a severe challenge.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_BFT 阅读（综合）-试卷 21 答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part 2(总题数：4，分数：40.00)1. People have wondered for a long time how their person
29、alities and behaviors are formed. Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. 2. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characte
30、ristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy
31、 is often conveniently referred to as “nature / nurture“. 3. Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, chara
32、cteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. 4. Proponents of the “nurture“ theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim t
33、hat our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they mainta
34、in that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. 5. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“
35、 proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not
36、 develop the same responses that whites do. 6. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. Questions 1-5 Directions:
37、For questions 1-5, choose the best title for each paragraph from below. For each numbered paragraph(2-6), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. fro not mark any letter twice. A. Ideas of nurture theory B. Nature and nurture theory C. Profound implications of these two theories D. The formation o
38、f personalities E. Ideas of nature theory F. No satisfactory answer to explain human behavior G. Cooperative or competitive（分数：10.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：B）解析：解析：本文论述了关于人的个性和行为是如何形成的以及对此所存在的不同观点：本性论和教养论。(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：E）解析：解析：文章第 3、4 段分别阐述了本性论和教养
39、论的观点。(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：A）解析：解析：参看上题解释。(4).Paragraph 5 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：C）解析：解析：文章第 5 段举例阐述了本性论和教养论的深奥的社会、政治内涵。(5).Paragraph 6 1（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：F）解析：解析：文中最后一段作者指出两种理论都不能圆满地解释人类的行为，争论还将继续进行下去。Directions: Using the information in the text, complete eac
40、h sentence 6-10, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence(6-10), mark one letter(A-G)on your Answer Sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. A. blacks are genetically inferior to whites B. blacks dont have the same opportunity for education as whites do C. the social and political im
41、plications of these two theories are profound D. biological based instincts are important in how we act E. the correct explanation of human behavior will take sides from both theories F. still, there is no satisfactory answer to it G. human behavior is determined mainly by their surroundings（分数：10.0
42、0）(1).Proponents of the “nature“ theory believe that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：D）解析：解析：根据文章第 2 段中的第 1 句，得出坚持本性论的人认为我们的性格和行为特征很大程度上是由生理因素和遗传因素决定的。(2).Behaviorists believe that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：G）解析：解析：从文章第 4 段：“behaviorists claim that our environment is more important than ourbiologi
43、cally based instincts in determining how we will act”得出，持教养论的人，即行为主义学家认为环境对决定人的行为比人的生理因素所起的作用更大。(3).The authors purpose of mentioning blacks score below whites on standardized intelligence tests is to show that 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：C）解析：解析：在美国，黑人在进行智力测试时没有白人得分高，本性论和教养论对此有不同的解释，作者举这个例子的目的不是在
44、于辨别谁是谁非，而是在于说明两个学派有很深的政治和社会内涵。(4).Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of the article believes 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：E）解析：解析：从文中最后一段得出，作者指出两种理论都不能圆满地解释人类的行为，对于这个问题的解释的关键很可能存在这两个极端理论中间。(5).As to the question how peoples personalities and behaviors is formed, 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:
45、_ （正确答案：正确答案：F）解析：解析：如上题所释，对于如何解释人们个性、行为形成的原因，目前还没有非常满意的答案。1. There is an alarming possibility that our American economy is moving in the direction of what some people call a two-tier society a large population of people with middle-class or higher incomes and values, with a considerable increase at
46、 the top, and a large number of people who have been economically and culturally uncoupled from the main society. 2. What is most alarming is that the ladder that has connected the bottom to the top is now missing some important crossbars. There were certain industries, like the steel and auto indus
47、tries, that provided more or less continuous ladders of jobs from the bottom to the top. You could enter as an unskilled person, acquire new skills, and move up the ladder into secure, unionized, better-paying jobs. But now these industries have been seriously put in danger, and their place as emplo
48、yers has been replaced by what I call the McDonalds employers. More people work for McDonalds than work for U S Steel, but McDonalds has no ladder. The problem is serious. 3. A great many economists, myself included, feel uneasy about the fact that 70 percent of the economy does what is called service work and only 30 percent does what is called goods-rela
