1、GRE18及答案解析(总分：26.96，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Many politicians are characterized by an inconsistency of platform during crises, to the extent that they are rarely -|_|-encouraging and -|_|-similar behavior in their colleagues.（分数：1.00）A.averse to . facilitatingB.abhorrent of .
2、foreshadowingC.confident about . dissuadingD.diffident in . triggeringE.radical about . quelling2.Having been -|_|-as immoral by some reviewers of Tess of the D Urbervilles four years earlier, Hardy subsequently -|_|-to preface his work with declamatory caveats.（分数：1.00）A.decried . optedB.establishe
3、d . failedC.answered . choseD.regarded . relinquishedE.ignored . desired3.His undoubtedly aggressive behavior only served to further endear him to all who had dealings with him, for they recognized that behind the -|_|-facade, there beat a compassionate heart.（分数：1.00）A.restrictiveB.self-pityingC.ho
4、spitableD.retiringE.bellicose4.While performers have always attempted to -|_|-the fact that piano is fundamentally a percussion instrument, that particular pianist goes farther than most in -|_|-the accepted wisdom through her excessively exuberant style.（分数：1.00）A.underscore . epitomizingB.conceal
5、 qualifyingC.deny . highlightingD.disguise . accentuatingE.eulogize . criticizing5.Though -|_|-in his youth, Muir grew in the fullness of time to acquire truly -|_|-habits envied by even the most hardened of his fellow survivalists.（分数：1.00）A.a stoic . gourmetB.a sycophant . humbleC.an eccentric .
6、practicalD.a sensualist . spartanE.an ideologue . catholic6.What Spinoza says of laws is equally true of party-platformsthat those are strong which appeal to reason, but -|_|-which compel the assent both of reason and the common affections of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.worthyB.impregnableC.relevantD.baseE.i
7、nsupportable7.While we may be interested in the possibilities of social harmony and individual fulfillment that may be achieved through nontraditional education, one cannot help being -|_|-about accepting any such program as a -|_|-the worlds ills.（分数：1.00）A.concerned warning ofB.cautious panacea fo
8、rC.fastidious prescription forD.reticent renovation ofE.agitated postscript to二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Most words are “lexical words“, i.e. nouns signifying “things“, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only “proper nouns“ have specific and unique
9、referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or “unive
10、rsals“. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as “bui
11、ldings“ or to concepts like “construction“. We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words“ or grammatical words, such as “only“ and “under“ which do not refer to objects in the world
12、at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existi
13、ng in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well. The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of th
14、e sign systems which we use; “reality“ is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world“ . e. g. “where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin“. Such an emphasis on reality as invar
15、iably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the same thing“ but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hove
16、l is another persons home“ Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, “reality“ or “the world“ is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “the real world“ is a produ
17、ct of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are “abstractions“, and there is no direct correspondence between words
18、and “things“ in the world. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.refuting a belief held by one school of linguisticsB.reviewing an interesting feature of languageC.illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use of languageD.suggesting a
19、 way in which languages can be made more nearly perfectE.surveying new interesting areas of research in the field of linguistics(2).The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct correspondence between words and things EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Language has other functio
20、ns than that of reference.B.Once a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence existsbetween it and what it signifies.C.Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world.D.Function words do not refer to objects.E.Proper nouns usually refer to unique entities.(3).Which of the
21、following best describes the authors statement that “an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration“ (lines 27-28)?（分数：0.14）A.An assumption based on evidence already presentedB.A concession to the view opposing that of the authorsC.A hypothesis concerning a possibl
22、e problem with the nomenclaturist viewD.An allusion to an argument presented earlier in the passageE.An example of the application of the authors view of language(4).According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the “nomenclaturist“ most likely agree with?（分数：0.14）A.The seamless
23、ness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories must be questioned.B.The experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences.C.Ideas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning,
24、 the language that subsequently articulates them.D.Language, although capable of developing categories, can never articulate more than particular instances.E.The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors.(5).It can be inferred from the passage
25、that the author is LEAST likely to agree with wihich of the following?（分数：0.14）A.Words can be categorized into different grammatical functions.B.Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated.C.Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified.D.Words may name imaginary
26、 non-physical things.E.The use of categories is essential to the operation of language.(6).It can be inferred from the passage that the term “reductionist“ would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language?（分数：0.14）A.A number of words exist with identical meanings.B.Severa
27、l words with different connotations may refer to the same object.C.A word used two centuries ago might refer to the same object today.D.Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language.E.A word may refer to non-existent objects, categories, and carry multiple connotations.(7).Accord
28、ing to the passage, the word “violation“ would best be classified as a -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Function wordB.Lexical wordC.Concept wordD.Category wordE.Grammatical wordFeminist criticshave often pondered whether a postmodern language may be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much mode
29、rnist and some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus, political interests, and as a human practice without
30、transcendent justification. The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and their culpability in her protagonists predicame
31、nts, that unlike pure and transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own stories, quotidian as they may be, and .while these will never offer the solace of transcendent justification, the co
32、nstant negotiation between the word and the world avoids reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.（分数：-1.02）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the justification_.（分数：-0.03）A.derives from a negative stance toward feminismB.predates the birth of postmod
33、ernism as a literary movementC.encourages writers to tell humdrum storiesD.limits the construction of morally complex charactersE.contributes to the politicization and historical orientation of texts(2).The passage suggests which of the following about Dorothy Allisons work? I. Non-feminist writers
34、have been less successful in producing historically situated narratives. II. Allisons fiction successfully negotiates between essentialist arrogance and a reactionary response. III. Allison is more interested in her female antagonists than male protagonists, as characters. （分数：-0.03）A.I onlyB.II onl
35、yC.I and II onlyD.II and III onlyE.I, II, and III(3).The author mentions womens “culpability in her protagonists predicaments“most likely in order to illustrate_.（分数：-0.03）A.the extent to which Allisons characters have been marginalized by totalizingforces and ideasB.Allisons gift for rendering the
36、moral complexity of women that allows themto commit both good and evil actsC.the scope and variety of the female characters found in Allisons body of fictionD.the degree to which Allison embraces the notion of feminist literature as deriving from a tradition of negativity and reactionE.the strength
37、of the political interests Allison expresses through her characters(4).The passage provides information that answers which of the following questions?（分数：-0.03）A.In what tradition do feminist critics usually place Dorothy Allison?B.What are the main themes found in the fiction of Dorothy Allisons po
38、st-modern contemporaries?C.What political values does Allison attempt to address through her fiction?D.What views does Allison hold concerning the production of narratives of the commonplace in womens literature?E.How was the development of Allisons fiction affected by the arrogance of modernist ess
39、entialism?(5).Which of the following is most analogous to the fate that the experimental films, described above, have received as a result of their association with Eisensteins work?（分数：-0.03）A.A lesser-known author is discovered to have influenced a more famous one, and his works are rescued from a
40、nonymity.B.An experimental artistic tradition falls into decline as a result of its practitioners adopting the idiom of a more popular one.C.A popular composers oeuvre is held up as the epitome of the genre, so that music critics praise his pupils work without bothering to listen to it.D.The interes
41、t in an archeological method diminishes over time, largely out of the failure of its inventor to generate new results.E.A painter rebels against the advice of her teacher, after critics observe that her own work is indistinguishable from his.(6).The author of the passage suggests that which of the f
42、ollowing is true of the practice of establishing the “Eisenstein standard“ as a model of modernist films?（分数：-0.03）A.While the standard is daunting and rarely achieved, it nevertheless raises the overall standard of art making in a positive fashion.B.It is a risky position for a critic to take, give
43、n that Eisensteins films are consistently inferior to those of his imitators.C.This practice has the unfortunate effect of establishing which films will be noted and which ignored in the future, without regard to merit.D.On the balance it is a wise practice, as it maintains interest in Eisenstein s
44、imitators who would otherwise go forgotten.E.It has the effect of ameliorating the transgressive or controversial reputation of experimental film.(7).The passage implies that the present “economic situation of independent film production and distribution“ is_.（分数：-0.03）A.thriving but threatenedB.sec
45、ure but inertC.moribund but recoveringD.penurious and in need of helpE.salubrious but unpredictable(8).It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be more optimistic about optical computing if which of the following were true?（分数：-0.03）A.Digital partitioning algorithms could be applied
46、 to electronic, and not just optical circuits.B.The speed of photons could be shown to be significantly greater than that of electrons.C.The precision level in basic operations can be substantially increased without great expense.D.The accuracy of electronic circuits used to preprocess input data an
47、d post- process data could be greatly increased.E.The microchips optical computer systems were shown to require an increasing density of interconnections.(9).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the technology employed in optical computing?（分数：-0.03）A.The technology is more
48、expensive to develop than the technology that was required in electronic computing.B.The search for technology necessary for all-optical computing is considered unfeasible and has been largely abandoned.C.Optical computers systems that rely on digital partitioning algorithms in tandem with error-correction codes are considered hybrid technology.D.The technology necessary for digital optical computing appears within closer reach than the technology for analog optical computing.E.The most feasible version of optical computing at present is a synthesis of electronic and optic
