1、GRE20及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Of the various schemes that have been proposed to model how gene transcription might work in the living body, those involving actual physical contact between enhancers and genes remain -|_|-, owing to an absence of direct evidence.（
2、分数：1.00）A.surreptitiousB.decipherableC.vindicatedD.suspiciousE.speculative2.She is so -|_|-, it is inconceivable how she is generally thought to be -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.percipient . reasonableB.philanthropic . dogmaticC.importunate . fortunateD.inconsistent . catholicE.self-aggrandizing . unassuming3.Th
3、e view that the yield of rice remains steady is by no means -|_|-, owing to the fact that yearly tempests overflowing Asia influence it in -|_|-manner.（分数：1.00）A.uncertain . a capriciousB.uncontested . a predictableC.unrealistic . a catastrophicD.convincing . a redundantE.infallible . an erratic4.Co
4、nsidering the -|_|-of available options for investing ones hard-earned retirement funds, as evidenced by a plethora of daytime television advertisements aimed at appealing to the incapacitated senior, you may well find it difficult to avoid feeling -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.diversity ingratiatedB.dearth bell
5、igerentC.gamut overwhelmedD.appeal mortifiedE.periodicity exhausted5.What Spinoza says of laws is equally true of party-platformsthat those are strong which appeal to reason, but -|_|-which compel the assent both of reason and the common affections of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.worthyB.impregnableC.relevant
6、D.baseE.insupportable6.Maureen radiates an unfailing common sense and good humor, although not a false cheery -|_|-; she has no illusions about life, and her grace comes from her capability to meet it -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.mirth . flinchinglyB.naivet . head-onC.insensitivity . callouslyD.charm . promptly
7、E.ignorance . obscurely7.This writing is clearly the product of -|_|-art, but it has the flame of spontaneity and the grit of independence both as to mode and spirit.（分数：1.00）A.passionateB.criticalC.sedulousD.interestingE.considerable二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Disease is a fluid concept influenced by
8、 societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and Live as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into sep
9、arate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for
10、 which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes
11、 involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive“ and “negative“ symptoms. Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead
12、 to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or res
13、ulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurersbut it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be consider
14、ed synonymous with disease. Two schools nominalist and essentialist or reductionisthave debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentia
15、lists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality. It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those de
16、fined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latte
17、r helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effe
18、ctive treatment of the patient. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.revealing a commonly ignored distinctionB.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemC.describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaD.assessing the success of a new tax
19、onomical methodE.predicting a change in future taxonomy(2).It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?（分数：0.14）A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been s
20、erved well by modern methods of classificationB.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificationC.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a tradition
21、al methodD.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern methodE.A disease which may be defined equally well by modern methods of classification as by traditional ones(3).It can be inferred that the author of the passag
22、e considers the application of the label “diseased“ to a patient to be -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.often inhumane and rarely necessaryB.unrelated to the actual study of disease taxonomyC.often necessary but undesirable in certain casesD.a superficial approach to the patients healthE.too difficult to be done wi
23、th accuracy(4).The author of the passage suggests that all of the following may be consequences of applying a pathological taxonomy to a diseased person EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Easier access to health care for the victimB.Social discrimination against the victimC.Influence on the victims decision to
24、 reproduceD.Helping to cure the victims conditionE.Complication of the victims ability to obtain insurance(5).According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school“ cited in the third paragraph would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?（分数：0.14）A.She would establish wh
25、at cures the fever, then compare the treatment with other successful treatments to classify the disease.B.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.C.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then c
26、lassify it accordingly.D.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.E.She would describe the patients symptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.(6).Which of the followin
27、g best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?（分数：0.14）A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synthe
28、sis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.E.It provides information that points to the eventual abandonment of a particular system of pathological taxonomy.(7).It can be inferred tha
29、t which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist“ method of pathological taxonomy?（分数：0.14）A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolatedB.A patient suffering from lung
30、 inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatmentsC.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentifiedD.A patient infected with a variety of bacteria that is known to cause two diseases with
31、 dissimilar symptomsE.A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sourcesHomeostasis refers to any process, such as negative feedback, that living things employ to maintain stable conditions indispensable for survival, and which arises from balances be
32、tween forces and factors mutually influencing each other. Disturbance, or departure from equilibrium is of more consequence than negative feedback: systems cannot correct themselves without straying. A car and its driver, for instance, can be regarded as a homeostatic system seeking to keep the car
33、moving on track. Thus, if the car skids, the driver automatically responds by quickly steering the wheel in the opposite direction, but such abrupt negative feedback usually overcorrects. Likewise, if the magnitude of correction is commensurate with the disturbance that triggered it, the correction
34、may become an impressed change in the direction opposite to that of the original disturbance. Each feedback is of lesser magnitude than the last, so that as the oscillations of the system dampen, negative feedback achieves its goal in both artificial and natural systems.（分数：-1.00）(1).The primary pur
35、pose of the passage is to_.（分数：-0.25）A.describe in detail how the principles of homeostasis apply to living thingsB.propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of homeostasisC.compare and contrast the role of positive and negative feedback in maintaining various applied systemsD.discus
36、s the concept of homeostasis in the abstract and relate some of its most important principlesE.provide examples of systems which are ruled by the principle of homeostasis(2).According to the passage, all of the following are true concerning the process of negative feedback EXCEPT_.（分数：-0.25）A.By dim
37、inishing errors, negative feedback allows systems to correct themselves.B.Negative feedback always arises out of a system where several factors are interacting.C.Negative feedback sometimes causes a disturbed system to over-correct, resulting in an impressed change opposite to the original disturban
38、ce.D.Negative feedback is less important, on the whole, than departure from equilibrium.E.Ideally, negative feedback gradually diminishes, allowing a system to find its desired course.(3).It may be inferred that to attain greater positive feedback, in the case of the skidding car, the driver should
39、do which of the following?（分数：-0.25）A.Keep turning the wheel in the original direction.B.Turn the wheel in the opposite direction.C.Turn the wheel in the opposite direction, then turn it back to the original direction.D.Keep turning the wheel in the original direction, then back to the opposite dire
40、ction.E.Allow the wheel to turn freely.(4).Which of the following would be most analogous to the process of dampening oscillations described in the paragraph?（分数：-0.25）A.During a rainstorm, water rises to the level of a sewer drain, siphoning off and thus remaining at constant level.B.A rubber ball
41、which bounces off the ground multiple times, than gradually comes to rest.C.A meteor hurtles through space indefinitely, due to the laws of inertia.D.A clothing iron is left on, then becomes so hot that it catches on fire, burning its own cord and destroying its power source.E.A baseball pitcher kno
42、ws he tends to through to the left of home plate, and then in trying to throw to the right, overcorrects.四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.SUPPLICANT: HUMILITY : :（分数：1.00）A.savant: doctrineB.criminal: arsonC.coward: cravennessD.schoolmate: sociabilityE.expert: amateurism9.PHILOSOPHY: METAPHYSICS : :（分数：1
43、.00）A.zoology: herpetologyB.pink: redC.light: brillianceD.bird: penguinE.fragrance: nature10.DESSICATE: LIQUID: :（分数：1.00）A.imprison: freedomB.plunder: valuablesC.suffocate: oxygenD.refrain: repetitionE.prohibit: development11.ZEAL: FANATIC : :（分数：1.00）A.concentration: chemistB.eloquence: politician
44、C.prodigality: spendthriftD.indifference: acrobatE.enmity: philanthropist12.RECLUSE: WITHDRAW : :（分数：1.00）A.malefactor: reiterateB.rhetorician: equivocateC.philosopher: cogitateD.autocrat: improviseE.figurehead: boycott13.ADDENDUM: DOCUMENT : :（分数：1.00）A.duplication: originalB.postscript: letterC.co
45、rrespondence: epistolaryD.canon: apocryphaE.epigraph: preface14.LAPSE: ERROR: :（分数：1.00）A.agony: gastritisB.remorse: gloomC.peccadillo: offenseD.spite: admirationE.desire: connection15.SCORNFUL: SNEER : :（分数：1.00）A.saturnine: groanB.distressed: rejoiceC.provoked: winkD.embarrassed: blushE.bewildered
46、: wail16.CREEK: RIVER : :（分数：1.00）A.avalanche: landslideB.tunnel: capillaryC.blizzard: galeD.hill: mountainE.copse: stand五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.FULMINATION:（分数：1.00）A.approvalB.admirationC.recurrenceD.accumulationE.fleeing18.LOLL:（分数：1.00）A.depict accuratelyB.perceive incidentallyC.move vigo
47、rouslyD.conform easilyE.perform resolutely19.ORIENT:（分数：1.00）A.threatenB.sullyC.puzzleD.rejectE.quicken20.AVER:（分数：1.00）A.refuteB.comfortC.assistD.bolsterE.gather21.MEANDER:（分数：1.00）A.conduct courteouslyB.move on purposeC.administer severelyD.alter eternallyE.be convinced of22.INCHOATE:（分数：1.00）A.fa
48、mousB.inherently soundC.physically enjoyableD.apparentE.matured23.QUIESCENCE:（分数：1.00）A.dubiousnessB.rudenessC.quick descentD.firm beliefE.uneasy event24.FORESTALL:（分数：1.00）A.extendB.precipitateC.vacillateD.proclaimE.stabilize25.IMPUGN:（分数：1.00）A.facilitateB.elucidateC.exaltD.predictE.discard26.OBST
49、INACY:（分数：1.00）A.articulatenessB.impartialityC.obedienceD.generosityE.opposition27.GOSSAMER:（分数：1.00）A.clumsyB.ponderousC.drivenD.sullenE.genuineGRE20答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Of the various schemes that have been proposed to model how gene transcription might work in the living body, those involving actual p
