1、GRE3及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.His initial broadcasting success as a young man was due at least as much to his considerable professional -|_|-as it was to his fathers broadcasting connections.（分数：1.00）A.aplombB.uncertaintyC.hubrisD.seniorityE.nepotism2.In view of
2、the fact that his enemies knew him as cheerful, his allies exhorted him, as a matter of self-preservation, to -|_|-himself as taciturn.（分数：1.00）A.disguiseB.transformC.admitD.considerE.recognize3.Adams was so -|_|-that his friends did not bother to -|_|-him, because they presupposed that he would pay
3、 scant attention.（分数：1.00）A.obstinate infuriateB.obedient refuteC.refractory provokeD.intractable remonstrateE.bizarre palliate4.Rose was one of the children who observe and -|_|-much, and now and then- their friends by a wise or confounding remark.（分数：1.00）A.prattle . amuseB.meditate . nonplusC.pra
4、ise . displeaseD.meddle . surpriseE.absorb . insult5.Several surgeons cautioned against -|_|-the new procedure, -|_|-that patients had been kept in the dark too long about its possible catastrophic consequences.（分数：1.00）A.eschewing . ponderingB.adopting . complainingC.publicizing . addingD.revising
5、. advocatingE.administering . forgetting6.The teacher has -|_|-catering to some students, but to retain his tenure, which effects only after a teacher has unanimously gratified his students, he offers his complaints -|_|-（分数：1.00）A.a hesitancy about . carelesslyB.an aptitude for . sparinglyC.a repug
6、nance toward . tactfullyD.an enthusiasm about . zealouslyE.a blitheness about . carefully7.An enthusiast of sprightly music, Mendler surprised us all by proclaiming the final piece on the concert program, a lugubrious -|_|-as his favorite.（分数：1.00）A.ariaB.dirgeC.sonataD.jigE.overture二、SECTION 2(总题数：
7、1，分数：1.00)Most words are “lexical words“, i.e. nouns signifying “things“, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only “proper nouns“ have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language re
8、quires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or “universals“. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language wi
9、ll be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as “buildings“ or to concepts like “construction“. We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and
10、thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words“ or grammatical words, such as “only“ and “under“ which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels fo
11、r concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well. The nomenclaturist
12、 stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; “reality“ is created by the media which seem simply to represent
13、it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world“ . e. g. “where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin“. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear
14、 some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the same thing“ but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hovel is another persons home“ Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change.
15、 In this sense, “reality“ or “the world“ is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “the real world“ is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in th
16、e empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are “abstractions“, and there is no direct correspondence between words and “things“ in the world. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
17、-|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.refuting a belief held by one school of linguisticsB.reviewing an interesting feature of languageC.illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use of languageD.suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfectE.surveying new interesting areas of re
18、search in the field of linguistics(2).The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct correspondence between words and things EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Language has other functions than that of reference.B.Once a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence
19、existsbetween it and what it signifies.C.Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world.D.Function words do not refer to objects.E.Proper nouns usually refer to unique entities.(3).Which of the following best describes the authors statement that “an emphasis on reality as invariably perc
20、eptually seamless may be an exaggeration“ (lines 27-28)?（分数：0.14）A.An assumption based on evidence already presentedB.A concession to the view opposing that of the authorsC.A hypothesis concerning a possible problem with the nomenclaturist viewD.An allusion to an argument presented earlier in the pa
21、ssageE.An example of the application of the authors view of language(4).According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the “nomenclaturist“ most likely agree with?（分数：0.14）A.The seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories mu
22、st be questioned.B.The experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences.C.Ideas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them.D.Language, although capable of developing ca
23、tegories, can never articulate more than particular instances.E.The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the author is LEAST likely to agree with wihich of the following?（分数：0.14）A.Words can be
24、categorized into different grammatical functions.B.Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated.C.Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified.D.Words may name imaginary, non-physical things.E.The use of categories is essential to the operation of language.(6).It
25、 can be inferred from the passage that the term “reductionist“ would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language?（分数：0.14）A.A number of words exist with identical meanings.B.Several words with different connotations may refer to the same object.C.A word used two centuries a
26、go might refer to the same object today.D.Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language.E.A word may refer to non-existent objects, categories, and carry multiple connotations.(7).According to the passage, the word “violation“ would best be classified as a -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Functi
27、on wordB.Lexical wordC.Concept wordD.Category wordE.Grammatical wordBehavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to atone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Parlor it has been hypo
28、thesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditio
29、ning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elici
30、t low fear responses in rats that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory. （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, behavioral psychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of
31、the following?（分数：-0.25）A.The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subjectB.The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuliC.The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic corticeD.The potential of tone conditioning
32、in treating undesirable fear responsesE.The limits of Pavlovs contribution to modern behavioral psychology(2).It can be inferred that a rat with its infralimbic cortices destroyed would respond which of the following ways to a tone previously conditioned to induce a fear response? . It would demonst
33、rate fear if extinction had occurred the previous day. . It would demonstrate fear if extinction had occurred earlier than the previous day. . It would demonstrate fear even if extinction had never occurred at all. （分数：-0.25）A. onlyB. onlyC. and onlyD. and onlyE., , and (3).According to the passage,
34、 “infralimbic neurons. fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day“ (lines 7-9) for which of the following reasons?（分数：-0.25）A.Extinction has not been proven to erase the memory of fear conditioning in rats.B.The extinction response requires a number of days to deve
35、lop.C.The subjects original fear response was not conditioned to a tone.D.The infralimbic cortices carry the memory of fear extinction.E.Rats that show the least fear demonstrate the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses.(4).Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?（分数：
36、-0.25）A.A description of a replicable experimentB.A summary report of new findingsC.A recommendation for pursuing a new area of researchD.A refutation of an earlier hypothesisE.A confirmation of an earlier research四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.PHLEGMATIC: PERTURB : :（分数：1.00）A.ineffable: ignoreB.greed
37、y: goadC.invincible: subdueD.peaceful: mollifyE.bewildered: illuminate9.LOGS: WOODPILE : :（分数：1.00）A.notes: sheafB.trees: bushC.wreckage: driftD.hail: rainE.nut:shell10.SCORNFUL: SNEER : :（分数：1.00）A.saturnine: groanB.distressed: rejoiceC.provoked: winkD.embarrassed: blushE.bewildered: wail11.ASTRONO
38、MER: TELESCOPE:（分数：1.00）A.astrologer: constellationB.surgeon: pipetteC.conductor: batonD.carpenter: trowelE.cartographer: foolscap12.DITCH: CANYON : :（分数：1.00）A.geyser: springB.burrow: cavernC.peninsula: estuaryD.archipelago: islandE.ridge: furrow13.SOLDIER: COUNTRY : :（分数：1.00）A.provost: studentB.p
39、resident: universityC.bodyguard: individualD.lawyer: courtE.sheriff: crime14.DISSENTER: DOGMA : :（分数：1.00）A.profligate: doctrineB.patriot: convictionC.nonconformist: normD.optimist: guideE.barrister: reason15.BUMPER: DAMAGING : :（分数：1.00）A.ballast: founderingB.scale: comparingC.buoy: navigatingD.dri
40、ll: extractingE.hoist: cantilevering16.PERTURB: SERENITY : :（分数：1.00）A.denounce: rantB.interdict: protectionC.purify: imperfectionD.vex: irritationE.fondle: attachment五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.ALLEVIATE:（分数：1.00）A.remedyB.proliferateC.reinforceD.switchE.aggravate18.MOROSE:（分数：1.00）A.jovialB.int
41、imidatedC.acuteD.angelicE.bothered19.ESTRANGEMENT:（分数：1.00）A.ongoing discussionB.disguiseC.commotionD.reconciliationE.solace20.DESICCATE:（分数：1.00）A.temptB.hydrateC.promptD.decomposeE.milk21.PALPABILITY:（分数：1.00）A.intangibilityB.unbearabilityC.barrennessD.inflexibilityE.inflammability22.LEVITY:（分数：1.
42、00）A.gravityB.happinessC.immoralityD.audacityE.reality23.PATHOLOGICAL:（分数：1.00）A.normalB.sharpC.sufficientD.erraticE.provisional24.MUNDANE:（分数：1.00）A.complexB.artificialC.unearthlyD.delicateE.expensive25.PROPAGATION:（分数：1.00）A.permeationB.exposureC.eradicationD.orderE.mimic26.IMMACULATE:（分数：1.00）A.s
43、incereB.unnoticedC.accidentalD.spottedE.distracted27.CHARY:（分数：1.00）A.dirtyB.aloofC.quickD.miserlyE.braveGRE3答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.His initial broadcasting success as a young man was due at least as much to his considerable professional -|_|-as it was to his f
44、athers broadcasting connections.（分数：1.00）A.aplomb B.uncertaintyC.hubrisD.seniorityE.nepotism解析：2.In view of the fact that his enemies knew him as cheerful, his allies exhorted him, as a matter of self-preservation, to -|_|-himself as taciturn.（分数：1.00）A.disguise B.transformC.admitD.considerE.recogni
45、ze解析：3.Adams was so -|_|-that his friends did not bother to -|_|-him, because they presupposed that he would pay scant attention.（分数：1.00）A.obstinate infuriateB.obedient refuteC.refractory provokeD.intractable remonstrate E.bizarre palliate解析：4.Rose was one of the children who observe and -|_|-much,
46、 and now and then- their friends by a wise or confounding remark.（分数：1.00）A.prattle . amuseB.meditate . nonplus C.praise . displeaseD.meddle . surpriseE.absorb . insult解析：5.Several surgeons cautioned against -|_|-the new procedure, -|_|-that patients had been kept in the dark too long about its poss
47、ible catastrophic consequences.（分数：1.00）A.eschewing . ponderingB.adopting . complaining C.publicizing . addingD.revising . advocatingE.administering . forgetting解析：6.The teacher has -|_|-catering to some students, but to retain his tenure, which effects only after a teacher has unanimously gratified
48、 his students, he offers his complaints -|_|-（分数：1.00）A.a hesitancy about . carelesslyB.an aptitude for . sparinglyC.a repugnance toward . tactfully D.an enthusiasm about . zealouslyE.a blitheness about . carefully解析：7.An enthusiast of sprightly music, Mendler surprised us all by proclaiming the final piece on the concert program, a lugubrious -|_|-as his favorite.（分数：1.00）A.ariaB.dirge C.sonataD.jigE.overture解析：二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Most words are “lexical words“, i.e.
