1、大学六级-1608 及答案解析(总分：667.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.国家和地方公务员考试持续数年来受到热捧；2试分析公务员考试颇受欢迎的原因；3你对该现象有什么看法。（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Set Your Bodys Time ClockOur Body Operates Like a ClockAs the first rays of sunlight filter over the hills of Californias Silicon Val
2、ley, Charles Winget opens his eyes. It is barely 5 a.m., but Winget is raring (渴望) to go. Meanwhile, his wife pulls up the covers and buries her face under,the pillow. “For the past fifteen years,“ says Winget, “Weve hardly ever gotten up together.“The Wingets situation is not uncommon. Our bodies o
3、perate with the complexity of clocks, and like clocks, we all run at slightly different speeds. Winget is a morning person. His wife is not at her best until after nightfall.Behavioral scientists long attributed such differences to personal eccentricities or early conditioning. This thinking was cha
4、llenged in the late 1950s by a theory labeled chronobiology by physician-biologist Franz Halberg. In a Harvard University laboratory, Dr. Halberg found that certain blood cells varied predictably in number, depending on the time of day they were drawn from the body. The cell count was higher at a gi
5、ven time of day and lower 12 hours later. He also discovered that the same patterns could be detected in heart and metabolic rates and body temperature.Halbergs explanation: instead of performing at a steady, unchanging rate, our systems function on an approximately 25-hour cycle. Sometimes we are a
6、ccelerating, sometimes slowing down. We achieve peak efficiency for only a limited time each day. Halberg dubbed these bodily cadences “circadian rhythms“.Much of the leading work in chronobiology is sponsored today by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Charles Winget, a NASA researc
7、h physiologist and authority on circadian rhythms, says that circadian principles have been applied to astronauts work schedules on most of the space-shuttle flights.The space-age research has many useful applications here on earth. Chronobiologists can tell you when to eat and still lose weight, wh
8、at time of day youre best equipped to handle the toughest chal- lenges, when to go to the dentist with your highest threshold of pain and when to exercise for maximum effect. Says Winget, “Its a biological law of human efficiency: to achieve your best with the least effort, you have to coordinate th
9、e demands of your activities with your biological capacities.“How to Figure Out Your Bodys PatternsCircadian patterns can be made to work for you. But you must first learn how to recognize them. Winget and his associates have developed the following approach to help you figure out your bodys pattern
10、s.Take your temperature one hour after getting up in the morning and then again at four-hour inter-vals throughout the day. Schedule your last reading as close to bedtime as possible. You should have five readings by the end of the day.Now add your first, third and fifth readings and record this tot
11、al. Then add your second and fourth readings and subtract this figure from the first total. That number will be an estimate of your body tem- perature in the middle of the night - consider it your sixth reading.Now plot all six readings on graph paper. The variations may seem minuscule (极小的)only one
12、-tenth of a degree in some cases - but they are significant. Youll probably find that your tempera- ture will begin to rise between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m., reaching a peak sometime in the late morning or early afternoon. By evening the readings start to drop. They will steadily decline, reaching their na
13、dir (最低点) at around 2 a.m.Learn to Use Your Bodys PatternOf course, individual variations make all the difference. At what hour is your body temperature on the rise? When does it reach its highest point? Its lowest7 Once you have familiarized yourself with you patterns, you can take advantage of chr
14、onobiology techniques to improve your health and productivity.We do our best physical work when our rhythms are at their peak. In most people, this peak lasts about four hours. Schedule your most tcvcing(费力的) activities when your temperature is highest.For mental activities, the timetable is more co
15、mplicated. Precision tasks, such as mathematical work are best tackled when your temperature is on the rise. For most people, this is at 8 or 9 a.m. By contrast reading and reflection are better pursued between 2 and 4 p.m., the time when body temperature usually begins to fall.Breakfast should be y
16、our largest meal of the day for effective dieting. Calories burn faster one hour after we wake up than they do in the evening. During a six-year research project known as the Army Die Study, Dr. Halberg, chronobiologist Robert Sothern and research associate Erna Halberg monitored the food intake of
17、two groups of men and women. Both ate only one 2000-calorie meal a day, but one group ate their meal at breakfast and the other at dinner. “All the subjects lost weight eating breakfast,“ states So- them. “Those who ate dinner either maintained or gained weight.“If foods are processed differently at
18、 different times of day, certainly caffeine, alcohol and medicines will be too. Aspirin compounds, for example, have the greatest potency (力量) in the morning, between 7 and 8. (So does alcohol.) They are least effective between 6 p.m. and midnight. Caffeine has the most impact around 3 in the aftern
19、oon. Charles Walker, dean of the College of Pharmacy at Florida A she “treads softly (谨言慎行) in the world“ elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic (语言的) ideal. They are using fewer of the very
20、deferential “womens“ forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as “mens“. This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of womens language. Indeed, we didnt hear about “mens language“ until people began to r
21、espond to girls appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the “corruption“ of womens language which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are r
22、egularly carried out by the media.Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to “grow into“ after all, it is a sign not simply of feminini
23、ty, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of ones social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women in a fashion analogous to little girls use of a high-pitc
24、hed voice to do “teacher talk“ or “mother talk“ in role play.The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the “masculization“ of girls. In some instances, it may be a
25、sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be “masculine“. Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and o
26、ut. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like “masculine“ speech may seem to an adolescent like “liberated“ or “h
27、ip“ speech.（分数：44.50）(1).The first paragraph describes in detail_.A. the standards set for contemporary Japanese womenB. the Confucian influence on gender norms in JapanC. the stereotyped role of women in Japanese familiesD. the norms for traditional Japanese women to follow（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(2).What
28、 change has been observed in todays young Japanese women?A. They pay less attention to their linguistic behavior.B. The fewer use of the deferential linguistic forms.C. They confuse male and female forms of language.D. They employ very strong linguistic expressions.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(3).How do some p
29、eople react to womens appropriation of mens language forms as reported in the Japanese media?A. They call for a campaign to stop the defeminization.B. The see it as an expression of womens sentiment.C. They accept it as a modern trend.D. They express strong disapproval.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(4).According
30、 to Yoshiko Matsumoto, the linguistic behavior observed in todays young women_.A. may lead to changes in social relations B. has been true of all past generationsC. is viewed as a sign of their maturity D. is a result of rapid social progress（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(5).The author believes that the use of a
31、ssertive language by young Japanese women is_.A. a sure sign of their defeminization and maturationB. an indication of their defiance against social changeC. one of their strategies to compete in a male-dominated societyD. an inevitable trend of linguistic development in Japan today（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.
32、十一、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：44.50)Of 100 billion nerve cells in the human brain, how many form after birth? For years, the official answer was “zero“. Scientists thought people were born with all the neurons theyd ever have. But from 1980s, biologists overturned that doctrine, finding a reservoir of ste
33、m cells that became fresh neurons in two parts of the brains of adult birds, monkeys and humans. Those discoveries were stunning, but the next seemed to top them all. In 1999, psychologist Elizabeth Gould reported large numbers of new nerve cells in a third of the monkey brain, hinting that the same
34、 part in humans the neocortex, which lets us reason and remember was regenerating, too. If she was right, scientists would have to revise almost all their ideas about human memory, and doctors might someday find a way to treat Alzheimers patients by simply turning on the neural-construction equipmen
35、t.The birth of new nerve cells, or “neurogenesis“, is now confirmed in the original two parts of human brain, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. But for the neocortex, the no-neurons theory lives and its just gotten major boost.Until December, Goulds study stood alone and unverified. Two neuroscien
36、tists have repeated her work in Science, but not her results. Where Gould saw new nerve cells in the neocortex, Rakic and Kormack see only glial ceils, the “glue“ that supports neurons. But they do spot new nerve cells in the other two areas. In a January review in Nature Neurosecience, Rakic charge
37、s Goulds work with technical problems. Focusing on what appeared to be 100 new neurons, Rakic and Kornack found that every one was merely a new glial cell hiding behind an old neuron. Gould has a cross-sectioned image from her own study that she says shows one cell marked as new and its clearly a ne
38、uron. But Rakic has an answer for that, too. The method that identified the cells as “new“ finds DNA synthesis, which can happen in cells that arent actually dividing. Rakic says Goulds tests were too sensitive, tagging “new“ neurons that werent. Gould responses that Rakics methods just werent sensi
39、tive enough. But even she cant explain why that might be.Rakics study squares with the idea that memory comes not from new nerve cells but from chemicals in the spaces between old ones.Goulds team are circulating response to Rakic and Kornack and recreating two studies side by side to see if small d
40、ifferences in methods are to blame. Others are also redoing the tests; a Japanese teams unpublished results echoes Rakics, while another teams support Goulds.Meanwhile work on less controversial new neurons marches forward. Neuroscientist Fred Gage, whos just wrapped up a study of the function of ne
41、w hippocampus nerve cells, says thats as it should be. Still, until more studies confirm Rakic and Kornack, hell keep a close eye on the neocortex debate.（分数：44.50）(1).What doctrine was overturned according to the 1980s biologists?A. The human brain contains 100 billion nerve cells.B. The nerve cell
42、s can be generated after birth.C. The nerve cells cant be generated after birth.D. The human brain has a reservoir of stem cells.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(2).What contribution was made by Gould to the research of nerve cells?A. Stunned the scientists.B. Provide a way to treat Alzheimers patients.C. Establis
43、hed the neural construction equipment.D. If the result is right, the scientists have to change their idea and treatment for Alzheimers patients will be found.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(3).What was the problem with Goulds research result according to Rakic?A. It was glue that Gould found.B. The new nerve cell
44、s exist in other parts of brains.C. The work has technical problems.D. Gould mistook the old cells as the new ones.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(4).What can we know about Rakics study?A. It is the opposite with what scientists always believe.B. It shows that memory comes from chemicals in the spaces between old
45、 ones.C. It shows that memory comes from new nerve cells.D. It tells the relationship between memory, new nerve cells and chemicals in the spaces between old ones.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.(5).What does Goulds team do in response to Rakic and Kornack?A. They ask a Japanese team to repeat their experiment.B.
46、They redo the tests.C. They ask other teams to support them.D. They recreate two studies side by side to see if small differences in methods are to blame.（分数：8.90）A.B.C.D.十二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：70.00)World Wide Web is the part of the Internet that provides sounds, pictures, and moving images in addi
47、tion to text. The Internet 62 computers and computer networks around the world, but the portion of the network not 63 the World Wide Web (often called the Web, for short) 64 only text information. The Web, 65 , has multimedia capabilitiesincluding graphics, audio, and video. The Web is 66 electronic
48、 addresses called Web sites, which contain Web pages that hold the multimedia information. Web sites and their pages 67 in computers connected to the Internet. Tim Berners Lee, an English computer scientist at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerlan
49、d, wrote the Web 68 in 1990. The Web became part of the Internet in 1991. The introduction of the Web helped make the Internet 69 and easier to use. Many computer users find the Webs multimedia content more 70 than textonly content. In addition, Web browsers make the Web easy to use. A Web 71 is a software package used to 72 and display information on the Web. To find information on other parts of the Inter
