1、大学六级-413 及答案解析(总分：648.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.近来，许多经典名著被改写成各种版本以供大众娱乐 2这种现象产生的原因 3我的看法 BOn the Adaptation of the Classics/B _ _ _（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Trust Me, Im a Robot/BWith robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and
2、workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferencesan international group of scientists, academ
3、ies and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.“Security and safety are the big conce
4、rns,“ says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is “system malfunction“ a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane th
5、at Icontravenes/I (违反) the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians?“These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant,“ says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europes World Robotics
6、 Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowersa figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial
7、firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of house holds should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.B Stop right
8、 there/BSo what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? “Not enough,“ says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of “safety-critical computing“ is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an intere
9、st in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which .sounds simple enough, is try to pro gram them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Get ting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its
10、 various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.“Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them,“ says Gianmarco Veruggio. “As a result, their behaviour will become impossible t
11、o predict fully,“ he says, “since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go.“Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robots motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing
12、 you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. “One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology,“ says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you can n
13、ot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.B Legal problems/BIn any case, says Dr
14、. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injuryyet people still manage to Ielectrocute/I (电死) t
15、hemselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products. The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are neededand, if so, what they should say.“Making sure robots are saf
16、e will be critical,“ says Colin Angle of iRobot, which has sold over 2m “Roomba“ household-vacuuming robots. But he argues that his firms robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. “A radio-controlled car controlled by a six-year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba,“ he says. If you
17、 tread on a Roomba, it will not cause you to slip over; instead, a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving. “Existing regulations will address much of the challenge,“ says Mr. Angle. “Im not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special tre
18、atment.“Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil courts as a matter of product liability. “When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?“ asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning
19、, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally “yes“. But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.“Right now, no insurance company is prepared to insure robots,“ says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to chan
20、ge, he says. Last month, Japans Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to help them avoid collisions with humans; to be made from soft and light materials to minimize harm if a collision does occur; and to
21、 have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhibition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implications when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue.However, the idea that gener
22、al-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, “its going to be a Iheterogeneous/I (不同种类的) swarm of robots that
23、 will take care of the house,“ he says.（分数：70.00）(1).What was the Pugwash Conferences intended to advocate?（分数：7.00）A.The non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.B.Safe robots in all aspects of life.C.Robot-ethics in the new century.D.Restrie6on on the use of robots as a weapon.(2).Henrik Christensen i
24、s most concerned about whether robots are _.（分数：7.00）A.harmlessB.powerfulC.intelligentD.durable(3).It is expected that there are 4 million robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers in _ .（分数：7.00）A.2002B.2003C.2004D.2005(4).Japanese firms are competing in the production of robots specifically _.（分数：7.00
25、）A.used in car factoriesB.used in hospitalsC.helping the old peopleD.helping the school kids(5).Blay Whitby pointed out that people only began to be aware of the safety issue _.（分数：7.00）A.when household robots were inventedB.when robots were in wide useC.after some grave accidentsD.ten years or so a
26、go(6).Gianmarco Veruggio thinks that it is difficult to regulate robots behaviour due to their _.（分数：7.00）A.unpredictable failuresB.self-learning mechanismsC.automatic navigational systemsD.possession of human-like personalities(7).Right now, the laws can only summarize commonsense principles so as
27、to _.（分数：7.00）A.deal with possible robot-related lawsuitsB.limit the number of robots productionC.monitor the disposal of dangerous robotsD.reduce the chance of injury caused by robots(8).Colin Angle considers robots are not so different as to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to John Hallam, who shou
28、ld be responsible for the harm done by robots in the future will not be so _ as it is now.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Mr. Angle says a heterogeneous swarm of robots will take care of the house instead of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：7，分数：252.00)Section A（分数：56.00）A.They have to bargain on the sal
29、e.B.The TV set is usually on sale.C.They advertise to sell their TV set.D.They go to buy a TV set at a bargain price.A.The effects of the flood.B.The prices of fruits and vegetables.C.The cause of the flood.D.Floods of the past twenty years.A.They waited for each other at different concerts.B.They w
30、aited for each other at different places.C.They went to the street corner at different times.D.The man went to the concert but the woman didnt.A.The air is contaminated.B.People there are exhausted.C.Its too windy for swimming.D.The beaches are dirty.A.Its open only to teachers and postgraduates.B.H
31、e can study there if he is writing a research paper.C.Senior students can enjoy more rights than other undergraduates.D.He needs the approval of his professor for the use of it.A.It was pretty good.B.It was rather dull.C.It was not well organized.D.It was attended by many people.A.Ways of getting ex
32、tra credits.B.All requirements of an M.A. degree.C.The credit hours required for a degree.D.Taking more optional courses.A.He has many interesting dreams.B.He sleeps a lot without doing anything.C.He doesnt put his ideas into practice.D.He doesnt have any good ideas.BQuestions 19 to 21 are based on
33、the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Which country should be allowed to have nuclear weapons.B.The time for their next coffee appointment.C.Whether it is meaningful to go to the demonstration.D.The bus arrangement to and from the campus.A.She is determined not to get involved as others
34、.B.She is worried more about her study than anything else.C.She is a little angry with the mans arrangement.D.She is not very interested in political science.A.To persuade her to take the school bus with him.B.To ask for her help in physics examination.C.To find out her attitude toward demonstration
35、s.D.To persuade her to take part in the demonstration.BQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Narrow down the topic of her article.B.Read and revise her essay.C.Provide some facts for her opinion.D.Give her some advice on writing a paper.A.Keeping her topi
36、c focused and supporting her opinions with facts.B.Reading extensively and collecting as much reference as possible.C.Avoiding sensitive political points and seeking more power.D.Having discussions with employees and giving them more freedom.A.By listing womens responses to different parties.B.By di
37、scussing womens voting rights in democracies.C.By quoting the percentage of women officers in governments.D.By calling for womens voting rights in her own country.A.By reading her polished essay.B.By proofreading her first draft.C.By bringing her some reference books.D.By examining her outline.BSect
38、ion B/BBPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.The Japanese mathematic teachers.B.Both the speaker and his German friend.C.Both Americans and immigrants.D.The son of the speakers German friend.A.Do present-day children learn less than their forefathe
39、rs in the good old days?B.Why do Japanese businessmen send their children to Japanese-staffed schools?C.Why cant American children memorize enough geographic information?D.Is American education really worse than education in other countries?A.Children in California are not likely to learn creative g
40、eography.B.Children in private schools run by Japanese are smarter.C.They experiment freely with ideas and become creative when they grow up.D.They are less innovative than other children in the world.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Early new
41、spapers in England.B.The early history of magazines.C.The life of Daniel Defoe.D.Differences between newspapers and magazines.A.It had many more pages than newspapers.B.It was given away for free.C.It dealt with issues rather than events.D.It was more widely available than newspapers,A.It was not re
42、ally a magazine.B.It featured a variety of articles and stories.C.It was praised by readers of poetry.D.It was unpopular with politicians.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.It has a personal style.B.It sounds very familiar to our ears.C.It is
43、one whose style you cannot recognize.D.It does not belong to any composer.A.It combines different feelings together.B.It can express some very confusing feelings.C.It exaggerates some special feelings.D.It expresses feelings in an appropriate way.A.The newer the music is, the longer time it will las
44、t.B.It is easy for music to gain a permanent status.C.Good music always stands the test of time.D.Good music neednt be tested by time.A.Pop musics biggest test is the test of time.B.Pop musics tunes do not have very clear styles.C.Pop music may not express any important feeling at all.D.Pop music ma
45、y exaggerate some feelings.BSection C/BIt is commonly held that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol can reduce the odds of having a deadly heart attack. MoreU (36) /Ubenefits to the heart haveU (37) /Uwhen people had three to seven drinks per day. But doctors advise against that because heavy drink
46、ing is associated with aU (38) /Uof problems. It can be liver damages orU (39) /Ufertility. Dr. Pekka Karhunen, of the University of Tampere in Finland, said thatU (40) /Ureports that one or two alcoholic drinks per day could helpU (41) /Uoff heart disease. That appeared to have been “U (42) /U“. Of
47、 his study, released at the American Heart AssociationsU (43) /Umeeting, Karhunen said in an interview that “there is no danger in one or two drinks per day, but the benefit is quite low.“U (44) /U. The drinks include beer, wine or liquor. Karhunen and his colleagues chose 700 Finnish men who had di
48、ed between the ages of 33 and 70. The researchersU (45) /U.The scientists found that having fewer than three drinks per day did not reduce the progress of any heart disease and only “slightly“ minimized the chance of having a fatal heart attack.U (46) /U.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
